@comment{references.bib: generated by tools/build_register.py on 2026-10-10 23:12 UTC from 02_research/register/*.csv. Do not edit by hand: edit the CSVs and rebuild. 508 entries (Rejected sources are left out).}

@incollection{abushama1898livre,
  author    = {{Abū Shāma}},
  title     = {{Le livre des deux jardins}},
  booktitle = {{Recueil des historiens des croisades: Historiens orientaux}},
  volume    = {4},
  publisher = {{Imprimerie nationale}},
  location  = {{Paris}},
  year      = {1898}
}

@article{achenbach1972experiments,
  author       = {Achenbach, Elmar},
  title        = {{Experiments on the Flow past Spheres at Very High Reynolds Numbers}},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Fluid Mechanics}},
  volume       = {54},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {565--575},
  publisher    = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  year         = {1972},
  doi          = {10.1017/S0022112072000874},
  url          = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/experiments-on-the-flow-past-spheres-at-very-high-reynolds-numbers/439D96006E69382A21B5EBA9E5645C65},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{achenbach1974effects,
  author       = {Achenbach, Elmar},
  title        = {{The Effects of Surface Roughness and Tunnel Blockage on the Flow past Spheres}},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Fluid Mechanics}},
  volume       = {65},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {113--125},
  publisher    = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  year         = {1974},
  doi          = {10.1017/S0022112074001285},
  url          = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/effects-of-surface-roughness-and-tunnel-blockage-on-the-flow-past-spheres/B9276280823D702358961E435CA661C8},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{acropolismuseumndhistory,
  author       = {{Acropolis Museum}},
  title        = {{Museum History}},
  journaltitle = {{The Acropolis Museum}},
  publisher    = {{Acropolis Museum}},
  location     = {{Athens}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/museum-history},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{acropolismuseumndparthenon,
  title        = {{Parthenon. West pediment. Fragments of horses}},
  journaltitle = {{Acropolis Museum}},
  publisher    = {{Acropolis Museum}},
  location     = {{Athens}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://theacropolismuseum.gr/en/parthenon-west-pediment-fragments-horses},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{aegidius1607regimine,
  author   = {{Aegidius Romanus}},
  title    = {{De regimine principum libri III}},
  location = {{Rome}},
  year     = {1607}
}

@book{albert2007historia,
  author     = {{Albert of Aachen}},
  editor     = {Edgington, Susan B.},
  title      = {{Historia Ierosolimitana: History of the Journey to Jerusalem}},
  publisher  = {{Clarendon Press}},
  location   = {{Oxford}},
  year       = {2007},
  translator = {Edgington, Susan B.},
  series     = {{Oxford Medieval Texts}}
}

@book{alhassan1986islamic,
  author    = {al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. and Hill, Donald R.},
  title     = {{Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location  = {{Cambridge}},
  year      = {1986}
}

@inbook{ammianus1940history,
  author     = {{Ammianus Marcellinus}},
  title      = {{History, Volume II: Books 20–26}},
  booktitle  = {{Loeb Classical Library}},
  volume     = {II},
  pages      = {326--329},
  publisher  = {{Harvard University Press} and {William Heinemann}},
  location   = {{Cambridge, MA} and {London}},
  year       = {1940},
  url        = {https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/23*.html},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Rolfe, John C.}
}

@online{ancientengineeringndoriginal,
  author       = {{Ancient Engineering}},
  title        = {{The Original Floating Arm Trebuchet!}},
  journaltitle = {{trebuchet.com}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {http://www.trebuchet.com/firstfat},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{anglonorman2025ludgar,
  author       = {{Anglo-Norman Dictionary}},
  title        = {{ludgar}},
  journaltitle = {{Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND2 Online Edition)}},
  publisher    = {{Aberystwyth University}},
  year         = {2025},
  url          = {https://anglo-norman.net/entry/ludgar},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{anglonorman2025mangonel,
  author       = {{Anglo-Norman Dictionary}},
  title        = {{mangonel}},
  journaltitle = {{Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND2 Online Edition)}},
  publisher    = {{Aberystwyth University}},
  year         = {2025},
  url          = {https://anglo-norman.net/entry/mangonel},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{anglonorman2025perriere,
  author       = {{Anglo-Norman Dictionary}},
  title        = {{perriere}},
  journaltitle = {{Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND2 Online Edition)}},
  publisher    = {{Aberystwyth University}},
  year         = {2025},
  url          = {https://anglo-norman.net/entry/perriere},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{anglonorman2025trebucher,
  author       = {{Anglo-Norman Dictionary}},
  title        = {{trebucher}},
  journaltitle = {{Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND2 Online Edition)}},
  publisher    = {{Aberystwyth University}},
  year         = {2025},
  url          = {https://anglo-norman.net/entry/trebucher},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{anglonorman2025trebuchet,
  author       = {{Anglo-Norman Dictionary}},
  title        = {{trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Anglo-Norman Dictionary (AND2 Online Edition)}},
  publisher    = {{Aberystwyth University}},
  year         = {2025},
  url          = {https://anglo-norman.net/entry/trebuchet},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{antelabernardez2014desmontando,
  author       = {Antela-Bernárdez, Borja},
  title        = {{Desmontando a Sila: persuasión e intencionalidad histórica en la propaganda sobre el asedio de Atenas (87/6 aC)}},
  journaltitle = {{Historiae}},
  volume       = {11},
  pages        = {105--115},
  year         = {2014},
  url          = {https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/historiae/historiae_a2014n11/historiae_a2014n11p105.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  language     = {Spanish}
}

@online{anthropic2026claude,
  author    = {{Anthropic}},
  title     = {{Claude (model claude-opus-5-5), large language model}},
  publisher = {{Anthropic}},
  year      = {2026},
  url       = {https://claude.ai},
  urldate   = {2026-10-10}
}

@online{ap2016pumpkins,
  author       = {{Associated Press}},
  title        = {{Pumpkins Go Ballistic at New Hampshire Racetrack}},
  journaltitle = {{Daily Herald}},
  url          = {https://www.dailyherald.com/20161016/news/pumpkins-go-ballistic-at-new-hampshire-racetrack/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2016-10-16}
}

@inbook{appian1899mithridatic,
  author     = {{Appian}},
  title      = {{The Mithridatic Wars}},
  booktitle  = {{The Roman History of Appian of Alexandria, Vol. 1: The Foreign Wars}},
  volume     = {1},
  publisher  = {{Macmillan}},
  location   = {{New York}},
  year       = {1899},
  url        = {https://cts.perseids.org/read/greekLit/tlg0551/tlg014/perseus-eng2/5.30-5.31},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {White, Horace}
}

@online{appianndmithridatic,
  author       = {{Appian}},
  editor       = {Lendering, Jona},
  title        = {{The Mithridatic Wars}},
  journaltitle = {{Livius.org}},
  publisher    = {{Livius.org}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-mithridatic-wars/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  translator   = {White, Horace},
  annotator    = {Lendering, Jona}
}

@article{arbiv2023evidence,
  author       = {Arbiv, Kfir},
  title        = {{Evidence of the Roman Attack on the Third Wall of Jerusalem at the End of the Second Temple Period}},
  journaltitle = {{'Atiqot}},
  volume       = {111},
  pages        = {103--118},
  publisher    = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  location     = {{Jerusalem}},
  year         = {2023},
  doi          = {10.70967/2948-040X.1064},
  url          = {https://publications.iaa.org.il/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1064&context=atiqot},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{archaeology2005reconstructing,
  author       = {{Archaeology}},
  title        = {{Reconstructing Medieval Artillery}},
  journaltitle = {{Archaeology (online interviews)}},
  publisher    = {{Archaeological Institute of America}},
  url          = {https://archive.archaeology.org/online/interviews/vemming/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2005-06-14}
}

@unpublished{arxiv2008significance,
  title        = {{Significance of a Combined Approach for Replacement Stones in the Heritage Buildings' Conservation Frame}},
  howpublished = {{Preprint, arXiv}},
  year         = {2008},
  url          = {https://arxiv.org/abs/0808.1503},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  eprinttype   = {arxiv},
  eprint       = {0808.1503}
}

@book{asbridge2004first,
  author    = {Asbridge, Thomas},
  title     = {{The First Crusade: A New History}},
  publisher = {{Free Press}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {2004}
}

@online{ascsandgennadeion,
  title        = {{Out-of-print Gennadeion Monographs Scanned}},
  journaltitle = {{American School of Classical Studies at Athens: News}},
  publisher    = {{American School of Classical Studies at Athens}},
  location     = {{Athens}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/news/newsDetails/out-of-print-gennadeion-monographs-scanned},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@inbook{athenaeus1928deipnosophists,
  author     = {{Athenaeus}},
  title      = {{The Deipnosophists, Book 5}},
  booktitle  = {{Athenaeus: The Deipnosophists, Vol. II}},
  volume     = {2},
  publisher  = {{Harvard University Press} and {William Heinemann}},
  location   = {{Cambridge, MA} and {London}},
  year       = {1928},
  url        = {https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Athenaeus/5C*.html},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Gulick, Charles Burton},
  series     = {{Loeb Classical Library}}
}

@incollection{aviam2002yodefat,
  author    = {Aviam, Mordechai},
  editor    = {Berlin, Andrea M. and Overman, J. Andrew},
  title     = {{Yodefat/Jotapata: The Archaeology of the First Battle}},
  booktitle = {{The First Jewish Revolt: Archaeology, History, and Ideology}},
  pages     = {121--133},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {2002},
  url       = {https://orion-bibliography.huji.ac.il/node/51042},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@manual{awc2018national,
  author    = {{American Wood Council}},
  title     = {{National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction, 2018 Edition}},
  publisher = {{American Wood Council}},
  year      = {2018},
  url       = {https://awc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/AWC_NDS2018-withCommentary_20200827_AWCWebsite_Chapter02.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{bain1884calendar,
  editor    = {Bain, Joseph},
  title     = {{Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland Preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, London}},
  volume    = {2},
  publisher = {{H.M. General Register House}},
  location  = {{Edinburgh}},
  year      = {1884},
  url       = {https://archive.org/stream/calendarofdocume02edin/calendarofdocume02edin_djvu.txt},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  note      = {A.D. 1272–1307}
}

@book{baladhuri1916origins,
  author     = {{al-Balādhurī}},
  title      = {{The Origins of the Islamic State}},
  publisher  = {{Columbia University}},
  location   = {{New York}},
  year       = {1916},
  url        = {https://archive.org/details/originsofislamic00balarich},
  urldate    = {2026-10-02},
  translator = {Hitti, Philip Khuri},
  part       = {1}
}

@book{baladhuri1924origins,
  author     = {{al-Balādhurī}},
  title      = {{The Origins of the Islamic State}},
  publisher  = {{Columbia University}},
  location   = {{New York}},
  year       = {1924},
  url        = {https://archive.org/details/originsofislamic02albauoft},
  urldate    = {2026-10-02},
  translator = {Murgotten, Francis Clark},
  part       = {2}
}

@article{balkanstudies1996woman,
  title        = {{A woman visitor to Athens in 1687}},
  journaltitle = {{Balkan Studies}},
  volume       = {37},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {197--206},
  publisher    = {{Institute for Balkan Studies}},
  year         = {1996},
  url          = {https://grissh.gr/article/5450dd4cd36a367988000198},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@incollection{baruch2008jerusalem,
  author    = {Baruch, Yuval and Avni, Gideon and {Parnos}},
  editor    = {Stern, Ephraim},
  title     = {{[entry on recent excavations in Jerusalem; title to verify]}},
  booktitle = {{The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, vol. 5 (Supplementary Volume)}},
  volume    = {5},
  publisher = {{Israel Exploration Society}},
  location  = {{Jerusalem}},
  year      = {2008}
}

@mastersthesis{basista2004hybrid,
  author    = {Basista, Michael J.},
  title     = {{Hybrid or Counterpoise? A Study of Transitional Trebuchets}},
  publisher = {{Western Michigan University}},
  location  = {{Kalamazoo, MI}},
  year      = {2004},
  url       = {https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4987},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{basndtools,
  title        = {{Tools of War: Discoveries Support Josephus' Description}},
  journaltitle = {{Biblical Archaeology Review (BAS Library sidebar)}},
  publisher    = {{Biblical Archaeology Society}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://old.biblicalarchaeology.org/node/121195},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{bates1984historical,
  author    = {Bates, W.},
  title     = {{Historical Structural Steelwork Handbook: Properties of U.K. and European Cast Iron, Wrought Iron and Steel Sections Including Design, Load and Stress Data since the Mid 19th Century}},
  publisher = {{British Constructional Steelwork Association}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {1984},
  url       = {https://www.SteelConstruction.info/images/a/ab/Historical_Steelwork_Handbook.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  isbn      = {0-85073-015-5}
}

@online{bbc2015warwick,
  author       = {{BBC News}},
  title        = {{Warwick Castle Trebuchet Fireball ‘Sparked Boathouse Blaze’}},
  journaltitle = {{BBC News}},
  url          = {http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-32264914},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2015-04-10}
}

@incollection{bennett2013amphibious,
  author    = {Bennett, Matthew},
  editor    = {Crociani, Piero and Bifolchi, Annalisa},
  title     = {{Amphibious and Joint Operations in the Mediterranean in the Crusading Era c.1050–c.1250}},
  booktitle = {{Le operazioni interforze e multinazionali nella storia militare / Joint and Combined Operations in the History of Warfare: Acta del XXXIX Congresso della Commissione Internazionale di Storia Militare, Torino, 1–6 settembre 2013, Tomo I}},
  volume    = {1},
  pages     = {132--},
  publisher = {{Ministero della Difesa / Commissione Italiana di Storia Militare}},
  location  = {{Rome}},
  year      = {2013},
  url       = {https://musei.difesa.it/allegati/Atti%202013%20Le%20Operazioni%20Interforze%20e%20Multinazionali%20nella%20Storia%20Militare%20-%20Torino%20tomo%20I/files/basic-html/page134.html},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{bergman1988experimental,
  author       = {Bergman, C. A. and McEwen, E. and Miller, R.},
  title        = {{Experimental Archery: Projectile Velocities and Comparison of Bow Performances}},
  journaltitle = {{Antiquity}},
  volume       = {62},
  year         = {1988}
}

@thesis{bertrand2019building,
  author    = {Bertrand, Daniel A.},
  title     = {{Building the Medieval Trebuchet}},
  publisher = {{Utah State University}},
  location  = {{Logan, UT}},
  year      = {2019},
  doi       = {10.26076/0da1-8257},
  url       = {https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1430&context=honors},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  type      = {Honors capstone}
}

@incollection{bertrand2022raising,
  author    = {Bertrand, Daniel},
  editor    = {DeVries, Kelly and Rogers, Clifford J. and France, John},
  title     = {{Raising the Medieval Trebuchet: Assembly Method and the Standing of a Half-Scale Machine}},
  booktitle = {{Journal of Medieval Military History}},
  volume    = {20},
  pages     = {69--108},
  publisher = {{Boydell \& Brewer}},
  location  = {{Woodbridge}},
  year      = {2022},
  doi       = {10.1017/9781800106178.004},
  url       = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/journal-of-medieval-military-history/raising-the-medieval-trebuchet-assembly-method-and-the-standing-of-a-halfscale-machine/A605424CBF0A74F3B8B0DECE6349E49F},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{beverageindustry2021sierra,
  author       = {{Beverage Industry}},
  title        = {{Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. Officially Set a Guinness World Record}},
  journaltitle = {{Beverage Industry}},
  url          = {https://www.bevindustry.com/articles/94078-sierra-nevada-brewing-co-officially-set-a-guinness-world-record},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2021-05-10}
}

@book{boas2001jerusalem,
  author    = {Boas, Adrian J.},
  title     = {{Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule}},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {2001}
}

@book{boas2017montfort,
  editor    = {Boas, Adrian and Khamisy, Rabei G.},
  title     = {{Montfort: History, Early Research and Recent Studies of the Principal Fortress of the Teutonic Order in the Latin East}},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/isbn/9789004307766/html},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  isbn      = {9789004307766}
}

@online{bodleian2026treatise,
  author       = {{Bodleian Libraries}},
  title        = {{Treatise on weaponry, commissioned by Saladin (MS. Huntington 264)}},
  journaltitle = {{Biblissima IIIF Collections (metadata from Digital Bodleian)}},
  publisher    = {{University of Oxford}},
  location     = {{Oxford}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://iiif.biblissima.fr/collections/manifest/c2366407d779b0a65c625524379a9abbc00497d3},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{bonaparte1851etudes,
  author    = {Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon},
  title     = {{Études sur le passé et l'avenir de l'artillerie, vol. 2}},
  publisher = {{J. Dumaine}},
  location  = {{Paris}},
  year      = {1851}
}

@online{bookandswordndmurda,
  title        = {{Murḍa al-Tarṣuṣi}},
  journaltitle = {{Book and Sword}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.bookandsword.com/armour-in-texts/murda-al-tarsusi/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{bowvsmusket2021book,
  title        = {{The Book of the Crossbow by Ralph Payne-Gallwey; Crossbow, Longbow Ranges Compared}},
  journaltitle = {{Bow Vs. Musket}},
  year         = {2021},
  url          = {https://bowvsmusket.com/2021/05/06/the-book-of-the-crossbow-by-ralph-payne-gallwey-crossbow-longbow-ranges-compared/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{britannica2026balian,
  author       = {{The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{Balian of Ibelin}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/biography/Balian-of-Ibelin},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{britannica2026colossus,
  author       = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{Colossus of Rhodes}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colossus-of-Rhodes},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2026-09-24}
}

@online{britannica2026constantinople,
  author       = {Hudson, Myles},
  title        = {{Fall of Constantinople}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{britannica2026crusades,
  author       = {Baldwin, Marshall W.},
  title        = {{Crusades: The Crusade of Frederick II}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopædia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/The-Crusade-of-Frederick-II},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2026-09-17}
}

@online{britannica2026first,
  author       = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{First Crusade}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/topic/First-Crusade},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{britannica2026mile,
  author       = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{Mile}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/science/mile},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2026-08-16}
}

@online{britannica2026saladin,
  author       = {{The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{How did Saladin capture Jerusalem?}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/question/How-did-Saladin-capture-Jerusalem},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{britannica2026treaty,
  author       = {{The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{Treaty of 1229}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/topic/treaty-of-1229},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{britannica2026xiangyang,
  author       = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{Xiangyang}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/place/Xiangyang},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{britannicandchateau,
  author       = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{Château Gaillard}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/print/article/223513},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{britannicandcubit,
  author       = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{cubit}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/science/cubit},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{britannicanddemetrius,
  author       = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{Demetrius I Poliorcetes}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/biography/Demetrius-I-Poliorcetes},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{britannicandjerusalem,
  author       = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{Jerusalem: The Old City}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/place/Jerusalem/The-Old-City},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{britannicandstade,
  author       = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{Stade (measurement)}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/science/stade-measurement},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{britannicandtalent,
  author       = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{talent (unit of weight)}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/science/talent-unit-of-weight},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{britannicandtitus,
  author       = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{Titus}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/biography/Titus},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{britannicandwall,
  author       = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  title        = {{Wall of Süleyman}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/place/Wall-of-Suleyman},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@incollection{brundage1962expugnatione,
  title      = {{De expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum}},
  booktitle  = {{The Crusades: A Documentary Survey}},
  pages      = {159--163},
  publisher  = {{Marquette University Press}},
  location   = {{Milwaukee}},
  year       = {1962},
  url        = {https://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1187saladin.asp},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Brundage, James A.}
}

@incollection{brundage1962itinerarium,
  editor     = {Brundage, James A.},
  title      = {{The Siege and Capture of Acre, 1191}},
  booktitle  = {{The Crusades: A Documentary Survey}},
  pages      = {175--81},
  publisher  = {{Marquette University Press}},
  location   = {{Milwaukee}},
  year       = {1962},
  url        = {https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/1191acre.asp},
  urldate    = {2026-10-02},
  translator = {Brundage, James A.}
}

@incollection{brundage1962lyxbonensi,
  title      = {{De expugnatione Lyxbonensi}},
  booktitle  = {{The Crusades: A Documentary Survey}},
  pages      = {97--104},
  publisher  = {{Marquette University Press}},
  location   = {{Milwaukee}},
  year       = {1962},
  url        = {https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/cap-lisbon.asp},
  urldate    = {2026-10-02},
  translator = {Brundage, James A.}
}

@online{bundperiod,
  author       = {{Boston University}},
  title        = {{Period 6-3-2: 19th- to early 20th-century Ottoman}},
  journaltitle = {{Jerusalem (course website, bu.edu/mzank)}},
  publisher    = {{Boston University}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period6-3-1.htm},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@incollection{buth2014hebraisti,
  author    = {Buth, Randall and Pierce, Chad},
  editor    = {Buth, Randall and Notley, R. Steven},
  title     = {{Hebraisti in Ancient Texts: Does Ἑβραϊστί Ever Mean 'Aramaic'?}},
  booktitle = {{The Language Environment of First Century Judaea}},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  location  = {{Leiden}},
  year      = {2014}
}

@article{buyuksari2016comparison,
  author       = {Büyüksarı, Ümit and As, Nusret and Dündar, Türker and Sayan, Ezel},
  title        = {{Comparison of Micro- and Standard-Size Specimens in Evaluating the Flexural Properties of Scots Pine Wood}},
  journaltitle = {{BioResources}},
  volume       = {11},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {10540--10548},
  year         = {2016},
  doi          = {10.15376/biores.11.4.10540-10548},
  url          = {https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/BioRes_11_4_10540_Buyuksari_ADS_Comparison_Micro_Standard_Specimens_10426.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{cahen1948traite,
  author       = {Cahen, Claude},
  title        = {{Un traité d'armurerie composé pour Saladin}},
  journaltitle = {{Bulletin d'études orientales}},
  volume       = {12},
  pages        = {103--163},
  publisher    = {{Institut français de Damas}},
  location     = {{Damascus}},
  year         = {1948}
}

@review{campbell2005athenaeus,
  author       = {Campbell, Duncan},
  title        = {{Review of David Whitehead and P. H. Blyth, Athenaeus Mechanicus, On Machines (Historia Einzelschriften 182; Stuttgart: Steiner, 2004)}},
  journaltitle = {{Bryn Mawr Classical Review}},
  number       = {2005.07.63},
  publisher    = {{Bryn Mawr College}},
  year         = {2005},
  url          = {https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/?p=24134},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{campbell2011ancient,
  author       = {Campbell, Duncan B.},
  title        = {{Ancient Catapults: Some Hypotheses Reexamined}},
  journaltitle = {{Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens}},
  volume       = {80},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {677--700},
  publisher    = {{American School of Classical Studies at Athens}},
  location     = {{Princeton, NJ}},
  year         = {2011},
  doi          = {10.2972/hesperia.80.4.0677},
  url          = {https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/hesperia.80.4.0677.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{capegazette2013saturday,
  author       = {{Cape Gazette}},
  title        = {{Saturday's Fair Wind Helps Punkin Chunkin Records Fall}},
  journaltitle = {{Cape Gazette}},
  location     = {{Lewes, Delaware}},
  year         = {2013},
  url          = {https://capegazette.com/node/55872},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{cardiffcastle2024trebuchet,
  author       = {{Cardiff Castle}},
  title        = {{21. The Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Cardiff Castle (website)}},
  year         = {2024},
  url          = {https://www.cardiffcastle.com/?p=10694},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{carlinndmuslim,
  author       = {Carlin, Martha},
  title        = {{Muslim Accounts of the Conquest of Jerusalem}},
  journaltitle = {{Martha Carlin course website, Department of History, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee}},
  publisher    = {{University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee}},
  location     = {{Milwaukee}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/?p=1017},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{cartwright2018capture,
  author       = {Cartwright, Mark},
  title        = {{The Capture of Jerusalem, 1099 CE}},
  journaltitle = {{World History Encyclopedia}},
  url          = {https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1254/the-capture-of-jerusalem-1099-ce},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2018-07-16}
}

@online{cartwright2018siege,
  author       = {Cartwright, Mark},
  title        = {{The Siege of Acre, 1291 CE}},
  journaltitle = {{World History Encyclopedia}},
  year         = {2018},
  url          = {https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1267/the-siege-of-acre-1291/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@manual{cda1997cast,
  author    = {{Copper Development Association}},
  title     = {{Cast Copper Alloy Sleeve Bearings: Introduction to Lubricated Bronze Bearing Design}},
  publisher = {{Copper Development Association}},
  location  = {{New York}},
  year      = {1997},
  url       = {https://copper.org/publications/pub_list/pdf/sleevebearing_a1063_06.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  number    = {A1063-00/97}
}

@online{chateaubaux2026siege,
  author       = {{Château des Baux-de-Provence}},
  title        = {{The Siege Engines}},
  journaltitle = {{Château des Baux-de-Provence website}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://chateau-baux-provence.com/en/works/siege-engines},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{chatziaslanindmorosini,
  author       = {Chatziaslani, Kornilia},
  title        = {{Morosini in Athens}},
  journaltitle = {{Archaeology of the City of Athens}},
  publisher    = {{National Hellenic Research Foundation (EIE)}},
  location     = {{Athens}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://archaeologia.eie.gr/archaeologia/en/chapter_more_8.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@incollection{chevedden1995artillery,
  author    = {Chevedden, Paul E.},
  editor    = {Corfis, Ivy A. and Wolfe, Michael},
  title     = {{Artillery in Late Antiquity: Prelude to the Middle Ages}},
  booktitle = {{The Medieval City under Siege}},
  pages     = {131--173},
  publisher = {{Boydell Press}},
  location  = {{Woodbridge}},
  year      = {1995}
}

@article{chevedden1995trebuchet,
  author       = {Chevedden, Paul E. and Eigenbrod, Les and Foley, Vernard and Soedel, Werner},
  title        = {{The Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Scientific American}},
  volume       = {273},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {66--71},
  doi          = {10.1038/scientificamerican0795-66},
  url          = {https://modphys.hosted.uark.edu/pdfs/Journal_Pdfs/Trebuchet-SciAm_273_66_July_1995_chevedden1.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  entrysubtype = {magazine},
  date         = {1995-07}
}

@incollection{chevedden1998hybrid,
  author    = {Chevedden, Paul E.},
  editor    = {Kagay, Donald J. and Vann, Theresa M.},
  title     = {{The Hybrid Trebuchet: The Halfway Step to the Counterweight Trebuchet}},
  booktitle = {{On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O'Callaghan}},
  pages     = {179--222},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  location  = {{Leiden}},
  year      = {1998},
  doi       = {10.1163/9789004477650_018}
}

@incollection{chevedden1999fortifications,
  author    = {Chevedden, Paul E.},
  editor    = {Kagay, Donald J. and Villalon, L. J. Andrew},
  title     = {{Fortifications and the Development of Defensive Planning in the Latin East}},
  booktitle = {{The Circle of War in the Middle Ages}},
  publisher = {{Boydell}},
  location  = {{Woodbridge}},
  year      = {1999}
}

@article{chevedden2000invention,
  author       = {Chevedden, Paul E.},
  title        = {{The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet: A Study in Cultural Diffusion}},
  journaltitle = {{Dumbarton Oaks Papers}},
  volume       = {54},
  pages        = {71--116},
  year         = {2000},
  doi          = {10.2307/1291833}
}

@article{chevedden2000traction,
  author       = {Chevedden, Paul E. and Shiller, Zvi and Gilbert, Samuel R. and Kagay, Donald J.},
  title        = {{The Traction Trebuchet: A Triumph of Four Civilizations}},
  journaltitle = {{Viator}},
  publisher    = {{Brepols}},
  year         = {2000},
  doi          = {10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.300774},
  url          = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul-Chevedden/publication/285140517_The_Traction_Trebuchet_A_Triumph_of_Four_Civilizations/links/577aaf5508aece6c20fbd9a1/The-Traction-Trebuchet-A-Triumph-of-Four-Civilizations.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{chevedden2004black,
  author       = {Chevedden, Paul E.},
  title        = {{Black Camels and Blazing Bolts: The Bolt-Projecting Trebuchet in the Mamluk Army}},
  journaltitle = {{Mamlūk Studies Review}},
  volume       = {8},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {228--277},
  year         = {2004},
  doi          = {10.6082/M1VH5M03},
  url          = {https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/records/57skp-8g547}
}

@article{connor1994building,
  author       = {Connor, L.},
  title        = {{Building a better trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Mechanical Engineering-CIME}},
  volume       = {116},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {66},
  year         = {1994}
}

@article{constans2017lagrangian,
  author       = {Constans, Eric},
  title        = {{A Lagrangian Simulation of the Floating-Arm Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{The College Mathematics Journal}},
  volume       = {48},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {179--187},
  year         = {2017},
  doi          = {10.4169/college.math.j.48.3.179}
}

@online{cortes2004catapult,
  author       = {Cortés, Hernán},
  editor       = {Fitch, Nancy},
  title        = {{Spaniards Construct Catapult (Battering Ram)}},
  journaltitle = {{The Conquest of Mexico (American Historical Association)}},
  year         = {2004},
  url          = {https://www.historians.org/resource/spaniards-construct-catapult-battering-ram/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{coventrytelegraph2005catapulted,
  author       = {{Coventry Telegraph}},
  title        = {{Catapulted into the Big Time}},
  journaltitle = {{Coventry Telegraph}},
  year         = {2005},
  url          = {https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/catapulted-into-the-big-time-3134284},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{coventrytelegraphndsummer,
  author       = {{Coventry Telegraph}},
  title        = {{[Warwick Castle Recruits Trebuchet Crew Member for 'Ursa']}},
  journaltitle = {{Coventry Telegraph}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/summer-fling-big-ursa-3128286},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{coventrytelegraphndursa,
  author       = {{Coventry Telegraph}},
  title        = {{[Ursa Hurls Her Way into the Record Books]}},
  journaltitle = {{Coventry Telegraph}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/ursa-hurls-way-record-books-3123417},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{crowley2019accursed,
  author    = {Crowley, Roger},
  title     = {{The Accursed Tower: The Fall of Acre and the End of the Crusades}},
  publisher = {{Basic Books}},
  year      = {2019}
}

@online{crowleyndfall,
  author       = {Crowley, Roger},
  title        = {{The Fall of the Knights Templar: The Siege of Acre, 1291}},
  journaltitle = {{Aspects of History}},
  publisher    = {{Aspects of History}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://aspectsofhistory.com/the-fall-of-the-knights-templar/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{dabrowa2015camp,
  author       = {Dąbrowa, Edward},
  title        = {{The 'Camp of the Assyrians' and the Third Wall of Jerusalem}},
  journaltitle = {{Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia}},
  volume       = {13},
  pages        = {19--30},
  year         = {2015},
  doi          = {10.4467/20843925SJ.15.002.4224},
  url          = {https://ejournals.eu/en/journal/scripta-judaica-cracoviensia/article/the-camp-of-the-assyrians-and-the-third-wall-of-jerusalem},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{dailydot2016trebuchet,
  author       = {{Daily Dot}},
  title        = {{Trebuchet Memes Are a Smash Hit—Meet the Season's Hottest Medieval Siege Engine}},
  journaltitle = {{The Daily Dot}},
  url          = {https://dailydot.com/trebuchet-memes},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2016-11-21}
}

@article{dailytarheel2015pumpkins,
  author       = {{The Daily Tar Heel}},
  title        = {{When Pumpkins Fly: UNC Students Held 'Punkin Chunkin' Record}},
  journaltitle = {{The Daily Tar Heel}},
  year         = {2015},
  url          = {https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2015/10/when-pumpkins-fly-unc-students-held-punkin-chunkin-record},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@incollection{dajanishakeel1988medieval,
  author    = {Dajani-Shakeel, Hadia},
  editor    = {Nashabe, Hisham},
  title     = {{Some Medieval Accounts of Salah al-Din's Recovery of Jerusalem (Al-Quds)}},
  booktitle = {{Studia Palaestina: Studies in Honour of Constantine K. Zurayk}},
  publisher = {{Institute for Palestine Studies}},
  location  = {{Beirut}},
  year      = {1988},
  url       = {https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/med/salahdin.asp},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{danielsson2017what,
  author       = {Danielsson, Mats},
  title        = {{What Is the Physics behind a Counterweight Trebuchet?}},
  journaltitle = {{COMSOL Blog}},
  publisher    = {{COMSOL}},
  url          = {https://www.comsol.com/blogs/what-is-the-physics-behind-a-counterweight-trebuchet},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2017-10-11}
}

@article{das2022extraction,
  author       = {Das, Raju Kumar and Mizan, Al and Zohra, Fatema Tuj and Ahmed, Sobur and Ahmed, Khondoker Shahin and Hossain, Hemayet},
  title        = {{Extraction of a Novel Tanning Agent from Indigenous Plant Bark and Its Application in Leather Processing}},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Leather Science and Engineering}},
  volume       = {4},
  doi          = {10.1186/s42825-022-00092-5},
  url          = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42825-022-00092-5},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  eid          = {18},
  date         = {2022-06-25}
}

@article{dasari2025research,
  author       = {Dasari, Kiran Sai and Mopidevi, Subba Rao and Basappa, Subba Reddy},
  title        = {{Research on Factors Influencing the Performance of Electric Vehicles and Its Impacts}},
  journaltitle = {{Science and Technology for Energy Transition}},
  volume       = {80},
  doi          = {10.2516/stet/2025018},
  url          = {https://www.stet-review.org/articles/stet/full_html/2025/01/stet20240436/stet20240436.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  eid          = {38},
  date         = {2025-06-03}
}

@book{david1936expugnatione,
  author     = {David, Charles Wendell},
  title      = {{De expugnatione Lyxbonensi: The Conquest of Lisbon}},
  publisher  = {{Columbia University Press}},
  location   = {{New York}},
  year       = {1936},
  url        = {https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/basis/Charles%20Wendell%20David%20-%20The%20Conquest%20of%20Lisbon_%20De%20Expugnatione%20Lyxbonensi.pdf},
  translator = {David, Charles Wendell},
  series     = {{Records of Civilization}}
}

@article{davies2013chateaux,
  author       = {Davies, Jonathan},
  title        = {{The Chateaux de Castelnaud, France}},
  journaltitle = {{Skirmish Magazine}},
  number       = {71},
  url          = {https://www.skirmishmagazine.com/the-chateaux-de-castlenaud-france},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2013-09-09}
}

@thesis{dejong2020modelling,
  author      = {de Jong, Robin},
  title       = {{Modelling the Movements of a Counterweight Trebuchet While Firing}},
  publisher   = {{Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science}},
  location    = {{Delft}},
  year        = {2020},
  url         = {https://repository.tudelft.nl/file/File_6e84ff7d-7d84-4f82-9980-3f1dfedfdd45?preview=1},
  urldate     = {2026-10-02},
  type        = {BSc thesis},
  institution = {{Delft University of Technology}}
}

@article{dennis1998byzantine,
  author       = {Dennis, George T.},
  title        = {{Byzantine Heavy Artillery: The Helepolis}},
  journaltitle = {{Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies}},
  volume       = {39},
  pages        = {99--115},
  year         = {1998},
  url          = {https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/2521/6333},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{denny2005siege,
  author       = {Denny, Mark},
  title        = {{Siege Engine Dynamics}},
  journaltitle = {{European Journal of Physics}},
  volume       = {26},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {561--577},
  publisher    = {{IOP Publishing}},
  year         = {2005},
  doi          = {10.1088/0143-0807/26/4/002},
  url          = {https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EJPh...26..561D},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{denny2007ingenium,
  author    = {Denny, Mark},
  title     = {{Ingenium: Five Machines That Changed the World}},
  publisher = {{Johns Hopkins University Press}},
  location  = {{Baltimore}},
  year      = {2007},
  url       = {https://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title/9094/ingenium},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  isbn      = {9780801885860}
}

@article{denny2009optimum,
  author       = {Denny, Mark},
  title        = {{Optimum onager: the classical mechanics of a classical siege engine}},
  journaltitle = {{The Physics Teacher}},
  volume       = {47},
  pages        = {574--578},
  year         = {2009},
  doi          = {10.1119/1.3264587}
}

@inbook{denny2026horizontal,
  author    = {Denny, Mark},
  title     = {{Horizontal-Axis Siege Engines}},
  booktitle = {{Slings and Arrows: The Science of Ancient Projectile Weapons}},
  pages     = {141--180},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  year      = {2026},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-032-08563-4_7},
  url       = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-032-08563-4_7},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  isbn      = {9783032085627}
}

@article{devries2019catapults,
  author       = {DeVries, Kelly},
  title        = {{Catapults Are Still Not Atomic Bombs}},
  journaltitle = {{Vulcan}},
  volume       = {7},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {34--44},
  publisher    = {{Brill}},
  doi          = {10.1163/22134603-00701004},
  url          = {https://brill.com/view/journals/vulc/7/1/article-p34_34.xml},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2019-12-05}
}

@book{diaz1912true,
  author     = {Díaz del Castillo, Bernal},
  title      = {{The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, Vol. 4}},
  publisher  = {{Hakluyt Society}},
  location   = {{London}},
  year       = {1912},
  translator = {Maudslay, Alfred Percival}
}

@book{diels1914antike,
  author    = {Diels, Hermann},
  title     = {{Antike Technik}},
  pages     = {85--92},
  publisher = {{B. G. Teubner}},
  location  = {{Leipzig}},
  year      = {1914},
  url       = {https://digital.ub.uni-paderborn.de/download/pdf/7311590.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{difrancesco2019world,
  author       = {DiFrancesco, Matt},
  title        = {{2019 World Championships of Punkin Chunkin}},
  journaltitle = {{Team Urban Siege blog}},
  url          = {https://teamurbansiege.com/blog/2019/12/2019-world-championships-of-punkin-chunkin.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2019-12-31}
}

@online{difrancesco2021dayton,
  author       = {DiFrancesco, Matt},
  title        = {{2021 Dayton Punkin Chunk}},
  journaltitle = {{Team Urban Siege blog}},
  url          = {https://teamurbansiege.com/blog/2021/11/2021-dayton-punkin-chunk.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2021-11-14}
}

@inbook{diodorus1954library,
  author     = {{Diodorus Siculus}},
  title      = {{Library of History, Book 20}},
  booktitle  = {{Diodorus of Sicily, Vol. X}},
  volume     = {10},
  pages      = {381--387},
  publisher  = {{Harvard University Press}},
  location   = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  year       = {1954},
  url        = {https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/20E*.html},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Geer, Russel M.},
  series     = {{Loeb Classical Library}}
}

@inbook{diodorus1954libraryvi,
  author     = {{Diodorus Siculus}},
  title      = {{Library of History, Volume VI: Books XIV–XV.19}},
  booktitle  = {{Loeb Classical Library}},
  volume     = {VI},
  pages      = {131; 153},
  publisher  = {{Harvard University Press} and {William Heinemann}},
  location   = {{Cambridge, MA} and {London}},
  year       = {1954},
  url        = {https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/14D*.html},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Oldfather, C. H.}
}

@inbook{diodorus1954libraryx,
  author     = {{Diodorus Siculus}},
  title      = {{Library of History, Volume X: Books XIX.66–XX}},
  booktitle  = {{Loeb Classical Library}},
  volume     = {X},
  pages      = {275--277; 367; 369; 385--387; 401},
  publisher  = {{Harvard University Press} and {William Heinemann}},
  location   = {{Cambridge, MA} and {London}},
  year       = {1954},
  url        = {https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/20C*.html},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Geer, Russel M.}
}

@online{djurfeldt2004medieval,
  author       = {Djurfeldt, Patrik},
  title        = {{Medieval Mechanical Artillery}},
  journaltitle = {{personal research web site (mirrored by Tallinn City Museum teaching database)}},
  year         = {2004},
  url          = {https://linnamuuseum.ee/JaanMarss/juhendid/Mehaanilised_kaugrelvad_keskajal/andmebaas/Visby%20Trebuchet/artillery.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@incollection{drachmann2008philo,
  author    = {Drachmann, A. G.},
  title     = {{Philo of Byzantium}},
  booktitle = {{Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography}},
  publisher = {{Charles Scribner's Sons}},
  year      = {2008},
  url       = {https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/DSB/Philon.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{dreyer2023testing,
  author       = {Dreyer, Boris},
  title        = {{Testing Reconstructed Roman Ballistae in the Engine's Sights}},
  journaltitle = {{Ancient Warfare}},
  volume       = {XVI},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {16--19},
  year         = {2023},
  url          = {https://cris.fau.de/publications/315071758},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@manual{dsmnddyneema,
  author    = {{DSM Dyneema}},
  title     = {{Dyneema in Marine and Industrial Applications}},
  publisher = {{DSM Dyneema}},
  year      = {n.d.},
  url       = {https://pelicanrope.com/content/PDFs/DyneemaSK75_Tech_Sheet.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{dufour1840memoire,
  author    = {Dufour, Guillaume Henri},
  title     = {{Mémoire sur l'artillerie des anciens et sur celle du moyen âge}},
  publisher = {{A. Cherbuliez}},
  location  = {{Paris}},
  year      = {1840},
  url       = {https://bibliotheques-numeriques.defense.gouv.fr/impression/document/10e9639d-3430-43ce-81f4-5ade07556cbf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{dumperndjerusalem,
  author       = {Dumper, Michael},
  title        = {{Jerusalem: Roman rule}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/place/Jerusalem/Roman-rule},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{eames2022new,
  author       = {Eames, Christopher},
  title        = {{New Study of Roman Ballista Stones Confirms Josephus's Account of the Siege of Jerusalem}},
  journaltitle = {{Armstrong Institute of Biblical Archaeology}},
  url          = {https://armstronginstitute.org/742-new-study-of-roman-ballista-stones-confirms-josephuss-account-of-the-siege-of-jerusalem/print},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2022-08-09}
}

@online{ebreyndcatapults,
  author       = {Ebrey, Patricia Buckley},
  title        = {{Catapults}},
  journaltitle = {{A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization}},
  publisher    = {{University of Washington}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/miltech/tcatapult.htm},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{edbury1996conquest,
  author    = {Edbury, Peter W.},
  title     = {{The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation}},
  publisher = {{Scolar Press}},
  location  = {{Aldershot}},
  year      = {1996}
}

@online{ehrlich2026athens,
  author       = {Ehrlich, Blake},
  title        = {{Athens: The Acropolis}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/place/Athens/The-Acropolis},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2026-10-01}
}

@thesis{eimermacher2005stability,
  author    = {Eimermacher, Carola},
  title     = {{Stability of High Span Openings in Discontinuous Rock: Case History – Zedekiah's Cave, Jerusalem}},
  publisher = {{Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences}},
  year      = {2005},
  url       = {https://www.bgu.ac.il/media/2w3eyw0c/carola_thesis.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01},
  type      = {M.Sc. thesis},
  language  = {Hebrew}
}

@inbook{elliot1867progress,
  author    = {Elliot, H. M.},
  editor    = {Dowson, John},
  title     = {{The Progress of the Arabs in Sind}},
  booktitle = {{The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period}},
  volume    = {1},
  pages     = {434--507},
  publisher = {{Trübner}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {1867},
  url       = {https://persian.packhum.org/text/080201011/6},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{emmerich2022archaeological,
  author       = {Emmerich, Adam},
  title        = {{Archaeological evidence for the location of the Roman ballista firing machines and the intensity of the assault in the battles that led to the destruction of the Second Temple}},
  journaltitle = {{Friends of the Israel Antiquities Authority (news)}},
  publisher    = {{Friends of the Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  url          = {https://friendsofiaa.org/news/2022/8/18/archaeological-evidence-for-the-location-of-the-roman-ballista-firing-machines-and-the-intensity-of-the-assault-in-the-battles-that-led-to-the-destruction-of-the-second-temple},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2022-08-18}
}

@online{englishheritage2024kenilworth,
  author       = {{English Heritage}},
  title        = {{Kenilworth Catapult Shots Discovered}},
  journaltitle = {{English Heritage}},
  publisher    = {{English Heritage}},
  url          = {https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/kenilworth-catapult-shots-discovered/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2024-06-11}
}

@online{englishheritage2024siege,
  author  = {{English Heritage}},
  title   = {{The Siege of Kenilworth Castle}},
  year    = {2024},
  url     = {https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/kenilworth-castle/history-and-stories/siege-kenilworth-castle/},
  urldate = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{ernoul1871chronique,
  author    = {{Ernoul}},
  editor    = {Mas Latrie, Louis de},
  title     = {{Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier}},
  publisher = {{Renouard (Société de l'histoire de France)}},
  location  = {{Paris}},
  year      = {1871}
}

@thesis{estes2013trebuchet,
  author      = {Estes, Stephen Louis and Estes, Nathan},
  title       = {{Trebuchet Mechanics: Modeling and Optimization of the Trebuchet}},
  institution = {{Barrett, The Honors College}},
  publisher   = {{Arizona State University}},
  location    = {{Tempe, Arizona}},
  year        = {2013},
  url         = {https://keep.lib.asu.edu/items/137553},
  urldate     = {2026-10-02},
  type        = {Honors thesis}
}

@online{etymonline2026trebuchet,
  author       = {Harper, Douglas},
  title        = {{trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Online Etymology Dictionary}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://www.etymonline.com/word/trebuchet},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{evans2017optimizing,
  author       = {Evans, Matthew},
  title        = {{Optimizing a Medieval Siege Engine. Project Part 1: Analysis}},
  journaltitle = {{MIT OpenCourseWare, 8.223 Classical Mechanics II (IAP 2017)}},
  publisher    = {{Massachusetts Institute of Technology}},
  year         = {2017},
  url          = {https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/8-223-classical-mechanics-ii-january-iap-2017/331a40a60553565646774fd4c31a0f3f_MIT8_223IAP17_ProjectPart1.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{eventengineering2015radio,
  author       = {{Event Engineering}},
  title        = {{Radio Nova Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{eventengineering.com.au}},
  year         = {2015},
  url          = {https://www.eventengineering.com.au/?p=1282},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@incollection{fachard2021sulla,
  author    = {Fachard, Sylvian and Harris, Edward M.},
  title     = {{Sulla and the Siege of Athens: Reconsidering Crisis, Survival, and Recovery in the First Century B.C.}},
  booktitle = {{The Destruction of Cities in the Ancient Greek World: Integrating the Archaeological and Literary Evidence}},
  pages     = {288--318},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location  = {{Cambridge}},
  year      = {2021},
  url       = {https://core-cms.cambridgecore.org/core/books/destruction-of-cities-in-the-ancient-greek-world/sulla-and-the-siege-of-athens/AAA09DCDFF8706264B37C2BACA9FA42E},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{faris1945arab,
  author    = {Faris, Nabih Amin and Elmer, Robert Potter},
  title     = {{Arab Archery: An Arabic Manuscript of About A.D. 1500}},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  location  = {{Princeton}},
  year      = {1945}
}

@inbook{figuier1870artillerie,
  author    = {Figuier, Louis},
  title     = {{L'Artillerie ancienne et moderne}},
  booktitle = {{Les Merveilles de la science, ou Description populaire des inventions modernes}},
  publisher = {{Furne, Jouvet}},
  location  = {{Paris}},
  year      = {1870},
  url       = {https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Les_Merveilles_de_la_science/L%E2%80%99Artillerie_ancienne_et_moderne},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{fino1972machines,
  author       = {Finó, J.-F.},
  title        = {{Machines de jet médiévales}},
  journaltitle = {{Gladius}},
  volume       = {10},
  pages        = {25--43},
  year         = {1972},
  url          = {https://gladius.revistas.csic.es/index.php/gladius/article/download/161/162/163},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@manual{flintsndfibre,
  author    = {{Flints Theatrical Chandlers}},
  title     = {{Fibre Ropes}},
  pages     = {198--208},
  publisher = {{Flints Theatrical Chandlers}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {n.d.},
  url       = {https://www.flints.co.uk/pdf/catalogue/fibreropesandsplicing.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{foulds1991siege,
  author       = {Foulds, Trevor},
  title        = {{The Siege of Nottingham Castle in 1194}},
  journaltitle = {{Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire}},
  volume       = {95},
  year         = {1991},
  url          = {https://deremilitari.org/2014/03/the-siege-of-nottingham-castle-in-1194/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{fournier2018chateau,
  author       = {Fournier, Claire},
  title        = {{Ensemble castral dit château de Montségur}},
  journaltitle = {{Plateforme ouverte du patrimoine (POP), Inventaire général du patrimoine culturel, Région Occitanie}},
  year         = {2018},
  url          = {https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA09002575},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  note         = {Mérimée IA09002575}
}

@report{fpl2021wood,
  author      = {{Forest Products Laboratory}},
  editor      = {Ross, Robert J. and Anderson, James R.},
  title       = {{Wood Handbook—Wood as an Engineering Material}},
  publisher   = {{U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory}},
  location    = {{Madison, WI}},
  year        = {2021},
  url         = {https://www.fpl.fs.usda.gov/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr282/chapter_05_fpl_gtr282.pdf},
  urldate     = {2026-10-02},
  number      = {FPL-GTR-282},
  type        = {General Technical Report},
  institution = {{U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory}},
  pagetotal   = {543}
}

@book{france1994victory,
  author    = {France, John},
  title     = {{Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location  = {{Cambridge}},
  year      = {1994}
}

@online{friedman2012restoration,
  author       = {Friedman, Matti},
  title        = {{Restoration Work on Jerusalem's Walls Complete}},
  journaltitle = {{The Times of Israel}},
  publisher    = {{The Times of Israel}},
  url          = {https://www.timesofisrael.com/restoration-work-on-jerusalems-walls-complete/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2012-09-11}
}

@book{froissart1870chroniques,
  author    = {Froissart, Jean},
  editor    = {Luce, Siméon},
  title     = {{Chroniques de J. Froissart}},
  volume    = {2},
  publisher = {{Mme Ve Jules Renouard}},
  location  = {{Paris}},
  year      = {1870},
  url       = {https://gutenberg.org/files/50356/50356-h/50356-h.htm},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  series    = {{Société de l'histoire de France}}
}

@incollection{fulcher1912gesta,
  author    = {{Fulcher of Chartres}},
  editor    = {Duncan, George Clarke and Krey, August C.},
  title     = {{Gesta Francorum Jerusalem Expugnantium (ch. 27 'The Siege' and ch. 28 'The Spoils')}},
  booktitle = {{Parallel Source Problems in Medieval History}},
  pages     = {109--15},
  publisher = {{Harper \& Brothers}},
  location  = {{New York}},
  year      = {1912},
  url       = {https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/cde-jlem.asp},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{fulcher1969history,
  author     = {{Fulcher of Chartres}},
  editor     = {Fink, Harold S.},
  title      = {{A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095–1127}},
  publisher  = {{University of Tennessee Press}},
  location   = {{Knoxville}},
  year       = {1969},
  translator = {Ryan, Frances Rita}
}

@article{fulton2015development,
  author       = {Fulton, Michael S.},
  title        = {{Development of Prefabricated Artillery during the Crusades}},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Medieval Military History}},
  volume       = {13},
  pages        = {51--72},
  publisher    = {{Boydell \& Brewer}},
  year         = {2015},
  doi          = {10.1017/9781782045854.003},
  url          = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/journal-of-medieval-military-history/development-of-prefabricated-artillery-during-the-crusades/3647C908EB8B432FD5269FAAF528EAF6},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@thesis{fulton2016artillery,
  author    = {Fulton, Michael S.},
  title     = {{Artillery in and around the Latin East (1097–1291)}},
  publisher = {{Cardiff University}},
  location  = {{Cardiff}},
  year      = {2016},
  url       = {https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/87056/1/2016fultonmsphd.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  type      = {PhD thesis}
}

@article{fulton2017myth,
  author       = {Fulton, Michael S.},
  title        = {{The Myth of the Hybrid Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Viator}},
  volume       = {48},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {49--70},
  year         = {2017},
  doi          = {10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.115976},
  url          = {https://www.brepolsonline.net/content/journals/10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.115976},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{fulton2017ridge,
  author       = {Fulton, Michael S.},
  title        = {{A Ridge Too Far: The Siege of Saone/Sahyun in 1188 and Contemporary Trebuchet Technology}},
  journaltitle = {{Crusades}},
  volume       = {16},
  pages        = {33--53},
  year         = {2017},
  doi          = {10.1080/28327861.2017.12220188}
}

@book{fulton2018artillery,
  author    = {Fulton, Michael S.},
  title     = {{Artillery in the Era of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology}},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  location  = {{Leiden} and {Boston}},
  year      = {2018},
  doi       = {10.1163/9789004376922},
  series    = {{History of Warfare}},
  number    = {122}
}

@online{fulton2021development,
  author       = {Fulton, Michael S.},
  title        = {{The Development of Mechanical Artillery during the Crusades}},
  journaltitle = {{Medievalists.net}},
  url          = {https://www.medievalists.net/?p=84840},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2021-01-21}
}

@article{fulton2024trebuchets,
  author       = {Fulton, Michael S.},
  title        = {{Trebuchets Were Not Siege Guns, So Why Use Them?}},
  journaltitle = {{'Atiqot}},
  volume       = {111},
  pages        = {259--273},
  year         = {2024}
}

@book{gabrieli1969arab,
  author     = {Gabrieli, Francesco},
  title      = {{Arab Historians of the Crusades}},
  publisher  = {{Routledge \& Kegan Paul}},
  location   = {{London}},
  year       = {1969},
  translator = {Costello, E. J.}
}

@article{galan2020stone,
  author       = {Galan, M. R. and Galan, M. B.},
  title        = {{Stone Projectiles from the Siege of Alcala la Vieja (Spain) and Likely Trebuchet Placement}},
  journaltitle = {{Archaeometry}},
  volume       = {62},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {904--916},
  year         = {2020},
  doi          = {10.1111/arcm.12578}
}

@inbook{geoffrey1848itinerary,
  author     = {{Geoffrey de Vinsauf}},
  editor     = {Bohn, Henry G.},
  title      = {{Itinerary of Richard I and Others to the Holy Land}},
  booktitle  = {{Chronicles of the Crusades: Being Contemporary Narratives of the Crusade of Richard Coeur de Lion, by Richard of Devizes and Geoffrey de Vinsauf; and of the Crusade of Saint Louis, by Lord John de Joinville}},
  pages      = {65--339},
  publisher  = {{H. G. Bohn}},
  location   = {{London}},
  year       = {1848},
  url        = {https://wellcomecollection.org/works/pssvs5ry},
  urldate    = {2026-10-02},
  translator = {{Anonymous (Bohn edition)}},
  original   = {Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi}
}

@online{gerow2008design,
  author       = {Gerow, Chris},
  title        = {{Merlin Design History}},
  journaltitle = {{Super Trebuchets (supertrebs.com)}},
  year         = {2008},
  url          = {https://supertrebs.com/Merlin_design_history_03.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{gerow2008history,
  author       = {Gerow, Chris},
  title        = {{History}},
  journaltitle = {{Super Trebuchets (supertrebs.com)}},
  year         = {2008},
  url          = {https://supertrebs.com/History.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{gerow2008merlin,
  author       = {Gerow, Chris},
  title        = {{Merlin}},
  journaltitle = {{Super Trebuchets (supertrebs.com)}},
  year         = {2008},
  url          = {https://supertrebs.com/Merlin.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{gerow2014super,
  author       = {Gerow, Chris},
  title        = {{Super Trebuchets}},
  journaltitle = {{supertrebs.com}},
  year         = {2014},
  url          = {https://supertrebs.com/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{gibson2014new,
  author       = {Gibson, Shimon and Tabor, James D.},
  title        = {{New Archaeological Excavations on Mount Zion (Summer 2014 Season)}},
  journaltitle = {{The Bible and Interpretation}},
  url          = {https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/2014/09/gib388030},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2014-09}
}

@article{gibson2023capturing,
  author       = {Gibson, Shimon and Lewis, Rafael Y.},
  title        = {{Capturing Jerusalem: The Fāṭimid/Seljūk, Crusader, and Ayyūbid Fortifications, Ditches, and Military Outworks of the City}},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Medieval Military History}},
  volume       = {21},
  pages        = {1--74},
  publisher    = {{Boydell \& Brewer}},
  location     = {{Woodbridge}},
  year         = {2023},
  doi          = {10.1017/9781805430391.001},
  url          = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/journal-of-medieval-military-history-xxi/capturing-jerusalem-the-fatimidseljuk-crusader-and-ayyubid-fortifications-ditches-and-military-outworks-of-the-city/E5D5FF9BF8A39C307063E262E6C51A37},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{giles1898chinese,
  author    = {Giles, Herbert A.},
  title     = {{A Chinese Biographical Dictionary}},
  publisher = {{Bernard Quaritch}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {1898},
  url       = {https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/chinesebiograph00gile},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@incollection{goulet2003medieval,
  author    = {Goulet, Ron},
  title     = {{Medieval Engines of Siege Warfare and Modern Engineering Tools}},
  booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference \& Exposition}},
  pages     = {8.845.1--8.845.9},
  year      = {2003},
  url       = {https://peer.asee.org/12491.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{grabar2009where,
  editor    = {Grabar, Oleg and Kedar, Benjamin Z.},
  title     = {{Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem's Sacred Esplanade}},
  publisher = {{University of Texas Press}},
  location  = {{Austin}},
  year      = {2009}
}

@article{graham2016vinita,
  author       = {Graham, Roger},
  title        = {{Vinita Holds Chili, Pumpkin Chunking Contests}},
  journaltitle = {{Cherokee Phoenix}},
  location     = {{Tahlequah, Oklahoma}},
  url          = {https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/news/vinita-holds-chili-pumpkin-chunking-contests/article_ee0347af-f0c8-56af-b8fc-05bd85196297.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2016-11-01}
}

@online{grainger2012engineering,
  author       = {{Grainger College of Engineering}},
  title        = {{Engineering Intro Class Stages Mini-Pumpkin Chuckin on the Bardeen Quad}},
  journaltitle = {{Grainger Engineering News, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign}},
  url          = {https://grainger.illinois.edu/news/stories/2012-11-28-ge-100-mini-pumpkin-chuckin-bardeen-quad},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2012-11-28}
}

@online{grainger2013allison,
  author       = {{Grainger College of Engineering}},
  title        = {{ISE Professor James Allison Evolves Hands-On Learning Project}},
  journaltitle = {{Grainger Engineering News, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign}},
  url          = {https://grainger.illinois.edu/news/stories/2013-05-01-ise-professor-james-allison-evolves-hands-learning-project},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2013-05-01}
}

@online{guinness2021farthest,
  author       = {{Guinness World Records}},
  title        = {{Farthest Distance Thrown by a Trebuchet (with Projectile Weight of 20 kg and Over)}},
  journaltitle = {{Guinness World Records}},
  year         = {2021},
  url          = {https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/494181-farthest-distance-thrown-by-a-trebuchet-with-projectile-weight-of-20-kg-and-over},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{guinness2024largest,
  author       = {{Guinness World Records}},
  title        = {{Largest Wooden Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Guinness World Records}},
  year         = {2024},
  url          = {https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/723197-largest-wooden-trebuchet},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{guinnessndfarthest,
  author       = {{Guinness World Records}},
  title        = {{Farthest Distance to Fire a Pumpkin}},
  journaltitle = {{Guinness World Records}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1000/farthest-distance-to-fire-a-pumpkin/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{guntekin2022sedir,
  author          = {Güntekin, Ergün},
  title           = {{Sedir Odununun (Cedrus libani A.) Elastik Sabitleri}},
  journaltitle    = {{Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi}},
  volume          = {24},
  number          = {3},
  pages           = {436--443},
  doi             = {10.24011/barofd.1130549},
  url             = {https://acikerisim.btu.edu.tr/items/530e16c5-fb5b-4b21-a7a4-7e20230c1cae/full},
  urldate         = {2026-10-02},
  langid          = {turkish},
  translatedtitle = {Elastic Constants of Cedar (Cedrus libani A.) Wood},
  date            = {2022-12-15}
}

@book{habicht1997athens,
  author     = {Habicht, Christian},
  title      = {{Athens from Alexander to Antony}},
  publisher  = {{Harvard University Press}},
  location   = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  year       = {1997},
  translator = {Schneider, Deborah Lucas}
}

@report{hadashot2018jaffa,
  title       = {{Jerusalem, Jaffa Street}},
  institution = {{Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel}},
  volume      = {130},
  publisher   = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  year        = {2018},
  url         = {http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_eng.aspx?id=25383}
}

@article{hadingham2000ready,
  author       = {Hadingham, Evan},
  title        = {{Ready…Aim…Fire!}},
  journaltitle = {{Smithsonian Magazine}},
  url          = {https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/readyaimfire-60722660/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2000-01-01}
}

@book{hadjiaslani1987morosini,
  author    = {Hadjiaslani, Cornelia},
  title     = {{Morosini, the Venetians and the Acropolis}},
  publisher = {{American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Gennadius Library}},
  location  = {{Athens}},
  year      = {1987},
  url       = {https://www.ysma.gr/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Morosini_Acropolis_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD_english-1.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{hall2013caffaro,
  author     = {Hall, Martin and Phillips, Jonathan},
  title      = {{Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth-Century Crusades}},
  publisher  = {{Ashgate}},
  location   = {{Farnham}},
  year       = {2013},
  translator = {Hall, Martin}
}

@article{hamilton1944excavations,
  author       = {Hamilton, R. W.},
  title        = {{Excavations against the North Wall of Jerusalem, 1937–8}},
  journaltitle = {{Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine}},
  volume       = {10},
  pages        = {1--54},
  year         = {1944}
}

@book{hansen1989bliden,
  author    = {Hansen, Peter Vemming},
  title     = {{Bliden: Et rekonstruktionsforsøg}},
  publisher = {{Museet Falsters Minder}},
  location  = {{Nykøbing}},
  year      = {1989}
}

@article{hansen1992experimental,
  author       = {Hansen, Peter Vemming},
  title        = {{Experimental Reconstruction of a Medieval Trébuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Acta Archaeologica}},
  volume       = {63},
  pages        = {189--268},
  location     = {{Copenhagen}},
  year         = {1992},
  url          = {https://linnamuuseum.ee/JaanMarss/juhendid/Mehaanilised_kaugrelvad_keskajal/andmebaas/Middelaldercentret/Peter%20Vemming%20Hansen/acta.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{hanson2004mongol,
  author       = {Hanson, Chris},
  title        = {{The Mongol Siege of Xiangyang and Fan-ch'eng and the Song Military}},
  journaltitle = {{De Re Militari}},
  year         = {2004},
  url          = {https://deremilitari.org/2014/05/the-mongol-siege-of-xiangyang-and-fan-cheng-and-the-song-military/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{hawari2007ayyubid,
  author    = {Hawari, Mahmoud K.},
  title     = {{Ayyubid Jerusalem (1187–1250): An Architectural and Archaeological Study}},
  publisher = {{Archaeopress}},
  location  = {{Oxford}},
  year      = {2007},
  series    = {{BAR International Series}}
}

@article{heidemann2022inscribed,
  author       = {Heidemann, Stefan and Nicolle, David C. and Tal, Oren},
  title        = {{An Inscribed Ballista Stone from Apollonia-Arsuf, Israel, and Stone-Throwing Siege Machines in the Medieval Near East}},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Islamic Archaeology}},
  volume       = {8},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {239--254},
  year         = {2022},
  url          = {https://journal.equinoxpub.com/JIA/article/view/20280},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{herber2016project,
  author       = {Herber, Daniel R. and Deshmukh, Anand P. and Mitchell, Marlon E. and Allison, James T.},
  title        = {{Project-Based Curriculum for Teaching Analytical Design to Freshman Engineering Students via Reconfigurable Trebuchets}},
  journaltitle = {{Education Sciences}},
  volume       = {6},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {7},
  publisher    = {{MDPI}},
  year         = {2016},
  doi          = {10.3390/educsci6010007},
  url          = {https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/6/1/7},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@manual{hexcel2023hexply,
  author    = {{Hexcel Corporation}},
  title     = {{HexPly 8552 Epoxy Matrix (180°C/356°F Curing Matrix): Product Data Sheet}},
  publisher = {{Hexcel Corporation}},
  year      = {2023},
  url       = {https://hexcel.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/HexPly_8552_eu_DataSheet1.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  number    = {FTA-072-MC23}
}

@online{higgins2024alternative,
  author       = {Higgins, Michael Denis},
  title        = {{An Alternative Timeline for the Colossus of Rhodes}},
  journaltitle = {{The Ancient Near East Today}},
  publisher    = {{American Society of Overseas Research (ASOR)}},
  url          = {https://anetoday.org/colossus-of-rhodes/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2024-12-12}
}

@online{highfield2019pumpkins,
  author       = {Highfield, Travis},
  title        = {{Pumpkins Away!}},
  journaltitle = {{Kennesaw State University News}},
  url          = {https://www.kennesaw.edu/news/stories/2019/pumpkins_away.php},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2019-10-25}
}

@book{hill1962gesta,
  author     = {{Anonymous}},
  editor     = {Hill, Rosalind},
  title      = {{Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum: The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem}},
  publisher  = {{Thomas Nelson}},
  location   = {{London}},
  year       = {1962},
  translator = {Hill, Rosalind}
}

@article{hill1973trebuchets,
  author       = {Hill, Donald R.},
  title        = {{Trebuchets}},
  journaltitle = {{Viator}},
  volume       = {4},
  pages        = {99--114},
  year         = {1973}
}

@book{hinz1970islamische,
  author = {Hinz, Walther},
  title  = {{Islamische Masse und Gewichte: Umgerechnet ins metrische System}},
  year   = {1970}
}

@online{historytodayndparthenon,
  author       = {{History Today}},
  title        = {{The Parthenon is Blown Up}},
  journaltitle = {{History Today}},
  publisher    = {{History Today}},
  location     = {{London}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/parthenon-blown},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{hjelsvold2018traction,
  author       = {Hjelsvold, Siri and McCallum, Simon},
  title        = {{Traction Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{EXARC Journal}},
  number       = {2018/3},
  publisher    = {{EXARC}},
  url          = {https://exarc.net/ark:/88735/10360},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2018-08-25},
  ark          = {ark:/88735/10360}
}

@online{hmdb2018trebuchet,
  author       = {Herrick, Michael},
  title        = {{The Trebuchet [Interpretation Panel at Urquhart Castle]}},
  journaltitle = {{The Historical Marker Database (HMDB)}},
  year         = {2018},
  url          = {https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=127245},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@incollection{hoff1997laceratae,
  author    = {Hoff, Michael C.},
  editor    = {Hoff, Michael C. and Rotroff, Susan I.},
  title     = {{Laceratae Athenae: Sulla's Siege of Athens in 87/6 B.C. and Its Aftermath}},
  booktitle = {{The Romanization of Athens: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996)}},
  year      = {1997},
  series    = {{Oxbow Monograph}},
  number    = {94}
}

@article{hooper2016trebuchet,
  author       = {Hooper, Ben},
  title        = {{Trebuchet Launches 1,300-Pound Pumpkin at Extreme Chunkin Event}},
  journaltitle = {{UPI Odd News}},
  publisher    = {{United Press International}},
  url          = {https://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2016/10/17/Trebuchet-launches-1300-pound-pumpkin-at-Extreme-Chunkin-event/3191476725439/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2016-10-17}
}

@article{hooper2021brewery,
  author       = {Hooper, Ben},
  title        = {{Watch: Brewery Catapults Keg to New Guinness World Record}},
  journaltitle = {{UPI Odd News}},
  publisher    = {{United Press International}},
  url          = {https://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2021/03/12/Guinness-World-Records-Sierra-Nevada-Brewing-Company-trebuchet/5031615569893/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2021-03-12}
}

@unpublished{horsdal2023swinging,
  author       = {Horsdal, Erik},
  title        = {{The Swinging Counterweight Trebuchet: On Scaling and Optimization}},
  howpublished = {{Preprint, arXiv}},
  doi          = {10.48550/arXiv.2303.01306},
  url          = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.01306},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  eprinttype   = {arxiv},
  eprint       = {2303.01306},
  eprintclass  = {physics.class-ph},
  date         = {2023-03-01}
}

@unpublished{horsdal2025experiments,
  author       = {Horsdal, Erik and Johansen, Filip Drejer and Rasmussen, Jonas},
  title        = {{The Swinging Counterweight Trebuchet: Experiments on Inner Movement and Ranges}},
  howpublished = {{Preprint, arXiv}},
  doi          = {10.48550/arXiv.2502.19442},
  url          = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.19442},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  eprinttype   = {arxiv},
  eprint       = {2502.19442},
  eprintclass  = {physics.class-ph},
  date         = {2025-02-24}
}

@unpublished{horsdal2025forces,
  author       = {Horsdal, Erik},
  title        = {{The Swinging Counterweight Trebuchet: On Internal Forces}},
  howpublished = {{Preprint, arXiv}},
  doi          = {10.48550/arXiv.2510.18789},
  url          = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.18789},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  eprinttype   = {arxiv},
  eprint       = {2510.18789},
  eprintclass  = {physics.gen-ph},
  date         = {2025-10-21}
}

@unpublished{horsdal2025friction,
  author       = {Horsdal, Erik},
  title        = {{The Swinging Counterweight Trebuchet: On Internal Friction}},
  howpublished = {{Preprint, arXiv}},
  doi          = {10.48550/arXiv.2510.21869},
  url          = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21869},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  eprinttype   = {arxiv},
  eprint       = {2510.21869},
  eprintclass  = {physics.class-ph},
  date         = {2025-10-23}
}

@online{hubbell2004tables,
  author       = {Hubbell, J. H. and Seltzer, S. M.},
  title        = {{Tables of X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients from 1 keV to 20 MeV for Elements Z = 1 to 92 and 48 Additional Substances of Dosimetric Interest}},
  journaltitle = {{NIST Standard Reference Database 126}},
  publisher    = {{National Institute of Standards and Technology}},
  year         = {2004},
  doi          = {10.18434/T4D01F},
  url          = {https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/tab1.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  note         = {Originally published as NISTIR 5632}
}

@article{huuri1941geschichte,
  author       = {Huuri, Kalervo},
  title        = {{Zur Geschichte des mittelalterlichen Geschützwesens aus orientalischen Quellen}},
  journaltitle = {{Studia Orientalia}},
  volume       = {9},
  number       = {3},
  year         = {1941},
  url          = {https://journal.fi/store/article/view/49961/14999},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{hyland2014pumpkin,
  author       = {Hyland, Duane},
  title        = {{Pumpkin Chuckin – Where Aerodynamics, Science, and Gourds Intersect}},
  journaltitle = {{AIAA}},
  url          = {https://aiaa.org/2014/11/13/pumpkin-chuckin-where-aerodynamics-science-and-gourds-intersect/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2014-11-13}
}

@report{iaa2006jerusalem,
  author      = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  title       = {{Jerusalem, the Old City, Herod's Gate}},
  institution = {{Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel}},
  volume      = {118},
  publisher   = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  year        = {2006},
  url         = {http://hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=326},
  urldate     = {2026-10-01}
}

@report{iaa2011jerusalem,
  author      = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  title       = {{Jerusalem, Jaffa Gate}},
  institution = {{Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel}},
  volume      = {123},
  publisher   = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  year        = {2011},
  url         = {http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=1779},
  urldate     = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{iaa2012conservation,
  author       = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  title        = {{Conservation Work at the Lions Gate Completed}},
  journaltitle = {{Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs website}},
  publisher    = {{Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}},
  url          = {https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperience/history/Pages/Lions-Gate-11-Sep-2012.aspx},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2012-09-11}
}

@report{iaa2019jerusalem,
  author      = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  title       = {{Jerusalem, The Old City, Jaffa Gate}},
  institution = {{Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel}},
  volume      = {131},
  publisher   = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  year        = {2019},
  url         = {https://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=25667},
  urldate     = {2026-10-01}
}

@report{iaa2020jerusalem,
  author      = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  title       = {{Jerusalem, the Old City, the New Gate}},
  institution = {{Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel}},
  volume      = {132},
  publisher   = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  year        = {2020},
  url         = {http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=25843&mag_id=128},
  urldate     = {2026-10-01}
}

@report{iaa2022jerusalem,
  author      = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  title       = {{Jerusalem, Damascus Gate}},
  institution = {{Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel}},
  volume      = {134},
  publisher   = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  year        = {2022},
  url         = {https://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=26147},
  urldate     = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{iaandayyubid,
  author       = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  title        = {{The Ayyubid Period, 1187–1250 CE}},
  journaltitle = {{Jerusalem Walls Conservation Project website}},
  publisher    = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://antiquities.org.il/jerusalemwalls/hstry_10_eng.asp}
}

@report{iaandgamla,
  title       = {{Gamla excavation final reports (IAA Reports series): chapters on ballista stones}},
  institution = {{IAA Reports}},
  publisher   = {{Israel Antiquities Authority}},
  year        = {n.d.}
}

@book{ibnalathir2006chronicle,
  author     = {{Ibn al-Athir}},
  title      = {{The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh. Part 1: The Years 491–541/1097–1146}},
  publisher  = {{Ashgate}},
  location   = {{Aldershot}},
  year       = {2006},
  translator = {Richards, D. S.}
}

@book{ibnalathir2007chronicle,
  author     = {{Ibn al-Athīr}},
  title      = {{The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from al-Kāmil fī'l-Ta'rīkh, Part 2: The Years 541–589/1146–1193}},
  publisher  = {{Ashgate}},
  location   = {{Aldershot}},
  year       = {2007},
  translator = {Richards, D. S.},
  series     = {{Crusade Texts in Translation}}
}

@book{ibnalathir2008chronicle,
  author     = {Ibn al-Athīr, ʿIzz al-Dīn},
  title      = {{The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from al-Kāmil fīʾl-taʾrīkh, Part 3: The Years 589–629/1193–1231}},
  publisher  = {{Ashgate}},
  location   = {{Aldershot}},
  year       = {2008},
  translator = {Richards, D. S.}
}

@book{ibnalqalanisi1932damascus,
  author     = {{Ibn al-Qalanisi}},
  title      = {{The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades}},
  publisher  = {{Luzac}},
  location   = {{London}},
  year       = {1932},
  translator = {Gibb, H. A. R.}
}

@book{ibnshaddad1897life,
  author     = {{Bahā' al-Dīn Ibn Shaddād}},
  title      = {{The Life of Saladin}},
  publisher  = {{Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society}},
  location   = {{London}},
  year       = {1897},
  translator = {Wilson, C. W.}
}

@book{ibnshaddad2001rare,
  author     = {Ibn Shaddād, Bahāʾ al-Dīn},
  title      = {{The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, or al-Nawādir al-Sulṭāniyya wa'l-Maḥāsin al-Yūsufiyya}},
  publisher  = {{Ashgate}},
  location   = {{Aldershot}},
  year       = {2001},
  translator = {Richards, D. S.}
}

@book{ibnwasilndmufarrij,
  author = {{Ibn Wāṣil}},
  title  = {{Mufarrij al-kurūb fī akhbār banī Ayyūb}},
  year   = {n.d.}
}

@online{ihbc2015warwick,
  author       = {{Institute of Historic Building Conservation}},
  title        = {{Warwick Castle Trebuchet Fireball ‘Sparked Boathouse Blaze’}},
  journaltitle = {{IHBC NewsBlogs}},
  url          = {https://newsblogs.ihbc.org.uk/?p=10201},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2015-05-08}
}

@book{imadaldin1972conquete,
  author     = {{ʿImād al-Dīn al-Iṣfahānī}},
  title      = {{Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Saladin (al-Fatḥ al-qussī fī l-fatḥ al-qudsī)}},
  publisher  = {{Paul Geuthner}},
  location   = {{Paris}},
  year       = {1972},
  translator = {Massé, Henri}
}

@report{iowa2015computing,
  author      = {{Iowa Department of Transportation}},
  title       = {{Computing Structural Steel Weight}},
  publisher   = {{Iowa Department of Transportation}},
  url         = {https://ia.iowadot.gov/erl/current/IM/content/569.htm},
  urldate     = {2026-10-02},
  number      = {Materials IM 569},
  institution = {{Iowa Department of Transportation}},
  date        = {2015-10-20}
}

@online{isu2011physics,
  author       = {{Illinois State University News}},
  title        = {{Physics Club Sets New Record at Punkin Chuckin' Contest}},
  journaltitle = {{Illinois State University News}},
  year         = {2011},
  url          = {https://news.illinoisstate.edu/?p=3596},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{jb2011murlin,
  author       = {{jb}},
  title        = {{The MURLIN Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival blog}},
  url          = {https://vtpumpkinchuckin.blogspot.com/2011/06/murlin-trebuchet.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2011-06-02}
}

@online{jb2017final,
  author       = {{jb}},
  title        = {{Final Results 2016 World Championship}},
  journaltitle = {{Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival blog}},
  url          = {https://vtpumpkinchuckin.blogspot.com/2017/05/final-results-2016-world-championship.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2017-05-13}
}

@online{jerusalemfoundation2020old,
  author       = {{Jerusalem Foundation}},
  title        = {{Old City Walls}},
  journaltitle = {{Jerusalem Foundation website}},
  publisher    = {{Jerusalem Foundation}},
  url          = {https://jerusalemfoundation.org/old-project/old-city-walls/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2020-04-13}
}

@online{jns2016excavation,
  author       = {{JNS.org}},
  title        = {{Excavation Uncovers Evidence of 'Third Wall' of Jerusalem's Old City Breached by Romans 2,000 Years Ago}},
  journaltitle = {{The Algemeiner}},
  url          = {https://www.algemeiner.com/2016/10/21/excavation-uncovers-evidence-of-third-wall-of-jerusalems-old-city-breached-by-romans-2000-years-ago/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2016-10-21}
}

@online{jordan2022results,
  author       = {Jordan, Dave},
  title        = {{Results of Sept. 25th, 2022: 13th Annual Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival}},
  journaltitle = {{Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival blog}},
  url          = {https://vtpumpkinchuckin.blogspot.com/2022/09/results-of-sept-25th-2022-13th-annual.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2022-09-29}
}

@inbook{josephus1737war,
  author     = {{Josephus}},
  title      = {{The Wars of the Jews, Book V, chapter 6}},
  booktitle  = {{The Complete Works of Flavius Josephus}},
  publisher  = {{Christian Classics Ethereal Library (online edition)}},
  location   = {{Grand Rapids, MI}},
  year       = {1737},
  url        = {https://www.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/complete.iii.vi.vi.html},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Whiston, William}
}

@inbook{josephus1895antiquities,
  author     = {Josephus, Flavius},
  title      = {{The Antiquities of the Jews}},
  booktitle  = {{The Works of Flavius Josephus}},
  publisher  = {{John E. Beardsley}},
  location   = {{Auburn}},
  year       = {1895},
  url        = {https://lexundria.com/j_aj/14.105-14.109/wst},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Whiston, William}
}

@inbook{josephus1895war,
  author     = {{Josephus}},
  title      = {{The Wars of the Jews}},
  booktitle  = {{The Works of Flavius Josephus}},
  publisher  = {{John E. Beardsley}},
  location   = {{Auburn}},
  year       = {1895},
  url        = {https://lexundria.com/j_bj/5.270/wst},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Whiston, William}
}

@inbook{josephus1927war,
  author     = {{Josephus}},
  title      = {{The Jewish War, Books III–IV}},
  booktitle  = {{Josephus, Vol. II (Loeb Classical Library)}},
  volume     = {2},
  publisher  = {{Harvard University Press} and {William Heinemann}},
  location   = {{Cambridge, MA} and {London}},
  year       = {1927},
  translator = {Thackeray, H. St J.},
  series     = {{Loeb Classical Library}}
}

@book{josephus1928war,
  author     = {{Josephus}},
  title      = {{The Jewish War, Books IV–VII}},
  volume     = {3},
  publisher  = {{Harvard University Press} and {William Heinemann}},
  location   = {{Cambridge, MA} and {London}},
  year       = {1928},
  translator = {Thackeray, H. St. J.},
  series     = {{Loeb Classical Library}}
}

@book{josephusndbellum,
  author    = {Josephus, Flavius},
  editor    = {Niese, Benedikt},
  title     = {{Flavii Iosephi opera (De bello Judaico)}},
  publisher = {{Weidmann}},
  location  = {{Berlin}},
  year      = {n.d.}
}

@online{jtektndbasic,
  author       = {{JTEKT Corporation}},
  title        = {{Basic Static Load Rating and Static Equivalent Load}},
  journaltitle = {{Basic Bearing Knowledge, Koyo Bearings}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://koyo.jtekt.co.jp/en/support/bearing-knowledge/5-5000.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{jtektndfrictional,
  author       = {{JTEKT Corporation}},
  title        = {{Frictional Coefficient (Reference)}},
  journaltitle = {{Basic Bearing Knowledge, Koyo Bearings}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://koyo.jtekt.co.jp/en/support/bearing-knowledge/8-4000.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{kakaliagos2019damage,
  author       = {Kakaliagos, Aristotle and Ninis, Nikolaos},
  title        = {{Damage and Failure of Orban's Gun during the Bombardment of Constantinople Walls in 1453}},
  journaltitle = {{Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale (Fracture and Structural Integrity)}},
  volume       = {13},
  number       = {50},
  pages        = {481--496},
  year         = {2019},
  doi          = {10.3221/IGF-ESIS.50.40},
  url          = {https://fracturae.com/index.php/fis/article/view/2615},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{karakas2024issue,
  author       = {Karakaş, Şehri},
  title        = {{Kudüs'ün 1239 ve 1244 Yıllarındaki Yeniden Fethi Meselesi / The Issue of the Re-Conquest of Jerusalem in 1239 and 1244}},
  journaltitle = {{Akademik Bakış (Gazi Akademik Bakış)}},
  volume       = {17},
  number       = {34},
  pages        = {65--86},
  year         = {2024},
  doi          = {10.19060/gav.1498712},
  url          = {https://www.gaziakademikbakis.com/dosyalar/a9fed08c-4edb-45d1-9ff9-d6ccf7ae579a.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@report{karlsson2018trebuchet,
  author    = {Karlsson, Daniel},
  title     = {{The Trebuchet: Longer Shots with Wheels?}},
  publisher = {{Karlstad University (course FYGB08 Analytical Mechanics)}},
  location  = {{Karlstad}},
  url       = {https://jfuchs.hotell.kau.se/kurs/amek/prst/17_treb.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  type      = {Course report, FYGB08 Analytical Mechanics},
  date      = {2018-02-01}
}

@online{karpowicz2006performance,
  author       = {Karpowicz, Adam},
  title        = {{Performance of Turkish Bows}},
  journaltitle = {{ATARN (atarn.org)}},
  year         = {2006},
  url          = {https://www.atarn.org/islamic/Performance/Performance_of_Turkish_bows.htm},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{karpowicz2007ottoman,
  author       = {Karpowicz, Adam},
  title        = {{Ottoman Bows – an Assessment of Draw Weight, Performance and Tactical Use}},
  journaltitle = {{Antiquity}},
  volume       = {81},
  number       = {313},
  pages        = {675--685},
  year         = {2007},
  doi          = {10.1017/S0003598X0009565X},
  url          = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/E0E978E6214933946D06E268F481FDD5},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@inproceedings{kawahara2001biomechanical,
  author    = {Kawahara, Shigeki and Hosaka, Minoru and Cao, Yulin and Yamamoto, Hiroh},
  title     = {{Biomechanical Considerations of Pulling Force in Tug of War with Computer Simulation}},
  booktitle = {{ISBS Conference Proceedings Archive (Biomechanics Symposia 2001, University of San Francisco)}},
  pages     = {72--75},
  year      = {2001},
  url       = {https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/3821/3540},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{keayndhistory,
  author       = {Keay, Anna},
  title        = {{History of Kenilworth Castle}},
  journaltitle = {{English Heritage}},
  publisher    = {{English Heritage}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/kenilworth-castle/history-and-stories/history/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@inproceedings{kenefic2006integrated,
  author    = {Kenefic, Richard and Lin, Feng and Aschliman, David},
  title     = {{Integrated Design and Analysis for a Trebuchet Using a High Speed Photographic Measurement System and MATLAB}},
  booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 2006 Illinois-Indiana and North Central Joint Section Conference}},
  publisher = {{American Society for Engineering Education}},
  location  = {{Fort Wayne, Indiana}},
  url       = {http://ilin.asee.org/Conference2006program/Papers/Kenefic-P13.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  date      = {2006-03-31}
}

@review{kennell1998romanization,
  author       = {Kennell, Nigel},
  title        = {{Review of The Romanization of Athens: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996), edited by Michael C. Hoff and Susan I. Rotroff}},
  journaltitle = {{Bryn Mawr Classical Review}},
  volume       = {1998.10.08},
  year         = {1998},
  url          = {https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/?p=21255},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{kessler1927physical,
  author       = {Kessler, D. W. and Sligh, W. H.},
  title        = {{Physical Properties of the Principal Commercial Limestones Used for Building Construction in the United States}},
  journaltitle = {{Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards}},
  volume       = {21},
  number       = {349},
  pages        = {497--559},
  url          = {https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/nbstechnologic/nbstechnologicpaperT349.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {1927-07-23}
}

@online{khalidi2026palestine,
  author       = {Khalidi, Walid Ahmed},
  title        = {{Palestine: The Crusades}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/The-Crusades},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{killgrove2026skeleton,
  author       = {Killgrove, Kristina},
  title        = {{Skeleton with 167 Fractures Discovered at Scottish Castle May Have Been First Victim of Edward I's 'War Wolf' Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Live Science}},
  publisher    = {{Live Science}},
  url          = {https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/skeleton-with-167-fractures-discovered-at-scottish-castle-may-have-been-first-victim-of-edward-is-war-wolf-trebuchet},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2026-08-17}
}

@article{king1982trebuchet,
  author       = {King, D. J. Cathcart},
  title        = {{The Trebuchet and Other Siege-Engines}},
  journaltitle = {{Château Gaillard}},
  volume       = {9–10},
  year         = {1982}
}

@online{kirby2009yankee,
  author       = {Kirby, Doug and Smith, Ken and Wilkins, Mike},
  title        = {{Yankee Siege Trebuchet (Closed), Greenfield, New Hampshire}},
  journaltitle = {{RoadsideAmerica.com}},
  year         = {2009},
  url          = {https://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/20073},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{klopsteg1934turkish,
  author = {Klopsteg, Paul E.},
  title  = {{Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow}},
  year   = {1934}
}

@incollection{knightndguido,
  author    = {Knight, Judson},
  title     = {{Guido da Vigevano}},
  booktitle = {{Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery}},
  publisher = {{Encyclopedia.com}},
  year      = {n.d.},
  url       = {https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/guido-da-vigevano-0},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@incollection{korres1994parthenon,
  author    = {Korres, Manolis},
  editor    = {Tournikiotis, Panayotis},
  title     = {{The Parthenon from Antiquity to the 19th Century}},
  booktitle = {{The Parthenon and Its Impact in Modern Times}},
  publisher = {{Melissa}},
  location  = {{Athens}},
  year      = {1994}
}

@book{kostick2009siege,
  author    = {Kostick, Conor},
  title     = {{The Siege of Jerusalem: Crusade and Conquest in 1099}},
  publisher = {{Continuum}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {2009}
}

@book{krey1921first,
  author    = {Krey, August C.},
  title     = {{The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants}},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  location  = {{Princeton}},
  year      = {1921},
  url       = {https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/cde-nicea.asp},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@inbook{krey1921gesta,
  editor     = {Krey, August C.},
  title      = {{Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum (excerpts)}},
  booktitle  = {{The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants}},
  pages      = {242--265},
  publisher  = {{Princeton University Press}},
  location   = {{Princeton}},
  year       = {1921},
  url        = {https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/cde-jlem.asp},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Krey, August C.}
}

@book{kyeser1967bellifortis,
  author    = {Kyeser, Conrad},
  editor    = {Quarg, Götz},
  title     = {{Bellifortis}},
  publisher = {{VDI-Verlag}},
  location  = {{Düsseldorf}},
  year      = {1967}
}

@book{laborde1854athenes,
  author   = {Laborde, Léon de},
  title    = {{Athènes aux XVe, XVIe et XVIIe siècles}},
  volume   = {2},
  pages    = {256--349},
  location = {{Paris}},
  year     = {1854}
}

@online{languagehat2026sonnys,
  author       = {{Language Hat}},
  title        = {{Sonny's Coming}},
  journaltitle = {{Language Hat (blog)}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://languagehat.com/sonnys-coming/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{lassus1858album,
  editor   = {Lassus, Jean-Baptiste-Antoine},
  title    = {{Album de Villard de Honnecourt, architecte du XIIIe siècle}},
  location = {{Paris}},
  year     = {1858}
}

@book{latham1970saracen,
  author    = {Latham, J. D. and Paterson, W. F.},
  title     = {{Saracen Archery: An English Version and Exposition of a Mameluke Work on Archery (ca. A.D. 1368)}},
  publisher = {{Holland Press}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {1970}
}

@online{latinlibraryndgesta,
  title        = {{Gesta Francorum}},
  journaltitle = {{The Latin Library}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/gestafrancorum.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{leamingtonobserver2015investigation,
  author       = {{Leamington Observer}},
  title        = {{Investigation Launched into Warwick Castle Boathouse Blaze}},
  journaltitle = {{Leamington Observer}},
  url          = {https://leamingtonobserver.co.uk/?p=35399},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2015-04-14}
}

@thesis{lemne2013effektivitetsundersokning,
  author    = {Lemne, J.},
  title     = {{Effektivitetsundersökning av medeltida kastmaskiner}},
  publisher = {{KTH Royal Institute of Technology}},
  location  = {{Stockholm}},
  year      = {2013},
  url       = {http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-133295},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01},
  type      = {Thesis},
  note      = {urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-133295}
}

@article{lemoine1970wood,
  author       = {Lemoine, Truett J. and McMillin, Charles W. and Manwiller, Floyd G.},
  title        = {{Wood Variables Affecting the Friction Coefficient of Spruce Pine on Steel}},
  journaltitle = {{Wood Science}},
  volume       = {2},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {144--148},
  year         = {1970},
  url          = {https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/24133},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{leonard2020siege,
  author       = {Leonard, Benjamin},
  title        = {{Siege Weapons}},
  journaltitle = {{Archaeology}},
  url          = {https://archaeology.org/issues/378-2005/features/8598-siege-weapons},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2020-05}
}

@thesis{levert2022mechanics,
  author      = {Levert, T. M. A.},
  title       = {{The Mechanics of a Trebuchet Using Lagrangian Mechanics}},
  publisher   = {{Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics}},
  location    = {{Delft}},
  year        = {2022},
  url         = {https://repository.tudelft.nl/file/File_c6196c24-c01c-4949-a581-852efae57db1},
  urldate     = {2026-10-02},
  type        = {BSc thesis},
  institution = {{Delft University of Technology}}
}

@report{lewisclark2026rules,
  author    = {{Lewis and Clark Community College}},
  title     = {{19th Annual Trebuchet Competition Rules}},
  publisher = {{Lewis and Clark Community College}},
  location  = {{Godfrey, Illinois}},
  year      = {2026},
  url       = {https://www.lc.edu/_assets/pdfs/rules.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{li2012wujing,
  author       = {Li, Xinwei [李新偉]},
  title        = {{Wujing zongyao zhushixue jiazhi yanjiu [《武經總要》注釋學價值研究]}},
  journaltitle = {{Guojia tushuguan guankan [國家圖書館館刊]}},
  volume       = {101},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {81--99},
  year         = {2012},
  url          = {https://nclfile.ncl.edu.tw/files/201511/36e842a3-ef29-46b0-8723-da77837b6ae0.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{lienhardndmodern,
  author       = {Lienhard, John H.},
  title        = {{A Modern Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{The Engines of Our Ingenuity, episode 593}},
  publisher    = {{University of Houston}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://engines.egr.uh.edu/episode/593},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@report{little2026launch,
  author      = {Little, Victor and Goldthwaite, Nolan and Clifford, Timothy and Li, Bingchen},
  title       = {{LAUNCH: Final Design Report}},
  institution = {{Advanced Mechanical Design}},
  publisher   = {{University of Rochester}},
  location    = {{Rochester, New York}},
  year        = {2026},
  url         = {https://www.hajim.rochester.edu/senior-design-day/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Launcher_GateD_FDR.pdf},
  urldate     = {2026-10-02}
}

@report{little2026pumpkin,
  author    = {Little, Victor and Goldthwaite, Nolan and Clifford, Timothy and Li, Bingchen},
  title     = {{Pumpkin Launcher Final Design Report (Gate D)}},
  publisher = {{University of Rochester}},
  location  = {{Rochester, NY}},
  year      = {2026},
  url       = {https://www.hajim.rochester.edu/senior-design-day/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/Launcher_GateD_FDR.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{lovegrove2015math,
  author       = {Lovegrove, Richard},
  title        = {{Math and Melons}},
  journaltitle = {{Virginia Tech Magazine}},
  publisher    = {{Virginia Tech}},
  url          = {https://archive.vtmag.vt.edu/sum15/math-and-melons.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2015}
}

@online{ludolph1895fall,
  author       = {{Ludolph of Suchem}},
  editor       = {Stewart, Aubrey},
  title        = {{The Fall of Acre, 1291}},
  journaltitle = {{Internet Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University}},
  year         = {1895},
  url          = {https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/1291acre.asp},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  translator   = {Stewart, Aubrey}
}

@book{lutzow1914hussite,
  author    = {Lützow, Count},
  title     = {{The Hussite Wars}},
  publisher = {{J. M. Dent}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {1914},
  url       = {https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Hussite_wars,_by_the_Count_L%C3%BCtzow.djvu/159},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{lyons1982saladin,
  author    = {Lyons, Malcolm Cameron and Jackson, D. E. P.},
  title     = {{Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location  = {{Cambridge}},
  year      = {1982}
}

@online{macivor2024war,
  author       = {Macivor, James},
  title        = {{The War Wolf at Stirling Castle}},
  journaltitle = {{Historic Environment Scotland Blog}},
  year         = {2024},
  url          = {https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2024/04/the-war-wolf-at-stirling-castle/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{madden2005new,
  author    = {Madden, Thomas F.},
  title     = {{The New Concise History of the Crusades}},
  publisher = {{Rowman \& Littlefield}},
  location  = {{Lanham, MD}},
  year      = {2005}
}

@online{madden2026constantinople,
  author       = {Madden, Thomas F.},
  title        = {{Crusades: From Constantinople to Antioch}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/From-Constantinople-to-Antioch},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{madden2026siege,
  author       = {Madden, Thomas F.},
  title        = {{Crusades: The siege of Jerusalem}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/event/Crusades/The-siege-of-Jerusalem},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2026-07-20}
}

@online{maguire2024ancient,
  author       = {Maguire, Robin Alington},
  title        = {{Ancient Artillery}},
  journaltitle = {{Antigone}},
  url          = {https://antigonejournal.com/2024/10/ancient-artillery/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2024-10-06}
}

@online{manning2020carefully,
  author       = {Manning, Sean},
  title        = {{A Carefully Worded Footnote}},
  journaltitle = {{Book and Sword (blog)}},
  url          = {https://www.bookandsword.com/?p=7006},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2020-08-01}
}

@article{mapes1991scud,
  author       = {Mapes, G.},
  title        = {{A Scud It's Not, But the Trebuchet Hurls a Mean Piano: Giant Medieval War Machine Is Wowing British Farmers and Scaring the Sheep}},
  journaltitle = {{The Wall Street Journal}},
  pages        = {A1, A10},
  date         = {1991-07-30}
}

@online{marino2018rise,
  author       = {Mariño Sánchez-Elvira, Rosa María},
  title        = {{Rise of the Colossus, One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World}},
  journaltitle = {{National Geographic (History Magazine)}},
  publisher    = {{National Geographic}},
  url          = {https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/colossus-of-rhodes-ancient-greece-statue},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2018-12-12}
}

@book{marsden1969greek,
  author    = {Marsden, E. W.},
  title     = {{Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development}},
  publisher = {{Clarendon Press}},
  location  = {{Oxford}},
  year      = {1969}
}

@book{marsden1971greek,
  author    = {Marsden, E. W.},
  title     = {{Greek and Roman Artillery: Technical Treatises}},
  publisher = {{Clarendon Press}},
  location  = {{Oxford}},
  year      = {1971}
}

@book{marshall1992warfare,
  author    = {Marshall, Christopher},
  title     = {{Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location  = {{Cambridge}},
  year      = {1992}
}

@book{mason2016history,
  author    = {Mason, Steve},
  title     = {{A History of the Jewish War, A.D. 66–74}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  year      = {2016}
}

@online{matthewsndsiege,
  author       = {Matthews, Rupert},
  title        = {{Siege of Lisbon}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/topic/Siege-of-Lisbon},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{matwebndaluminum,
  author       = {{MatWeb}},
  title        = {{Aluminum 6061-T6; 6061-T651}},
  journaltitle = {{MatWeb}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=b8d536e0b9b54bd7b69e4124d8f1d20a},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{mccotter2003byzantines,
  author       = {McCotter, Stephen},
  title        = {{Byzantines, Avars and the Introduction of the Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{De Re Militari}},
  year         = {2003},
  url          = {https://deremilitari.org/2014/06/byzantines-avars-and-the-introduction-of-the-trebuchet/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{mckinney2016duplicators,
  author       = {McKinney, Colin B. P.},
  title        = {{The Duplicators, Part I: Eutocius' Collection of Cube Duplications – History of the Problem, According to Eratosthenes}},
  journaltitle = {{Convergence}},
  publisher    = {{Mathematical Association of America}},
  url          = {https://old.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/the-duplicators-part-i-eutocius-collection-of-cube-duplications-history-of-the-problem-according-to},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2016-04}
}

@online{medievalhistories2015warwick,
  author       = {{Medieval Histories}},
  title        = {{Trebuchet at Warwick Castle}},
  journaltitle = {{Medieval Histories}},
  url          = {https://www.medieval.eu/trebuchet-at-warwick-castle/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2015-04-11}
}

@online{medievalists2015hero,
  author       = {{Medievalists.net}},
  title        = {{Hero or Villain? Two Views on Simon de Montfort, Crusade Leader}},
  journaltitle = {{Medievalists.net}},
  publisher    = {{Medievalists.net}},
  url          = {https://www.medievalists.net/2015/06/hero-or-villain-two-views-on-simon-de-montfort-crusade-leader/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2015-06-10}
}

@online{merriamwebster2026mangonel,
  author       = {{Merriam-Webster}},
  title        = {{mangonel}},
  journaltitle = {{Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mangonel},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{merriamwebster2026trebuchet,
  author       = {{Merriam-Webster}},
  title        = {{trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trebuchet},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{mfa2016archeologists,
  author = {{Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}},
  title  = {{Archeologists locate site where the Romans breached Jerusalem's city wall}},
  url    = {https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperience/history/Pages/Archeologists-locate-site-where-the-Romans-breached-Jerusalem’s-city-wall-25-October-2016.aspx},
  date   = {2016-10-25}
}

@online{middelaldercentretndblide,
  author       = {{Middelaldercentret}},
  title        = {{Trebuchet (Blide)}},
  journaltitle = {{Middelaldercentret}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.middelaldercentret.dk/blide?lang=en},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{middelaldercentretndprojekt,
  author       = {{Middelaldercentret}},
  title        = {{Project Trebuchet (Projekt Blide)}},
  journaltitle = {{Middelaldercentret}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.middelaldercentret.dk/projekt-blide?lang=en},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{miners2000historic,
  author  = {Miners, Russell},
  title   = {{Historic Counterweight Trebuchet Illustrations}},
  year    = {2000},
  url     = {https://linnamuuseum.ee/JaanMarss/juhendid/Mehaanilised_kaugrelvad_keskajal/andmebaas/Russell%20Miners/htindx.html},
  urldate = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{miners2000treb,
  author       = {Miners, Russell},
  title        = {{The Treb Files Part 2: Quasimodo}},
  journaltitle = {{The Grey Company Trebuchet Page (mirrored by Tallinn City Museum teaching database)}},
  year         = {2000},
  url          = {https://linnamuuseum.ee/JaanMarss/juhendid/Mehaanilised_kaugrelvad_keskajal/andmebaas/Russell%20Miners/trebfil2.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{miners2002counterweight,
  author       = {Miners, Russell},
  title        = {{Counterweight Trebuchets (The Grey Company Trebuchet Page)}},
  journaltitle = {{The Grey Company (mirrored by Tallinn City Museum teaching database)}},
  year         = {2002},
  url          = {https://linnamuuseum.ee/JaanMarss/juhendid/Mehaanilised_kaugrelvad_keskajal/andmebaas/Middelaldercentret/MAC-trebuchet-biffa/middel3.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{mingins2023warwick,
  author       = {Mingins, Philippa},
  title        = {{Warwick Castle's New Trebuchet Nears Completion}},
  journaltitle = {{Leamington Observer}},
  url          = {https://leamingtonobserver.co.uk/?p=96552},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2023-03-01}
}

@article{mommsen1941venetians,
  author       = {Mommsen, Theodor E.},
  title        = {{The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687}},
  journaltitle = {{American Journal of Archaeology}},
  volume       = {45},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {544--556},
  publisher    = {{Archaeological Institute of America}},
  year         = {1941},
  doi          = {10.2307/499533},
  url          = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/499533},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{moore2001density,
  author       = {Moore, J. G.},
  title        = {{Density of Basalt Core from Hilo Drill Hole, Hawaii}},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research}},
  volume       = {112},
  number       = {1–4},
  pages        = {221--230},
  year         = {2001},
  doi          = {10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00242-6},
  url          = {https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70023387},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@report{morrison2016data,
  author    = {Morrison, Faith A.},
  title     = {{Data Correlation for Drag Coefficient for Sphere}},
  publisher = {{Michigan Technological University, Department of Chemical Engineering}},
  location  = {{Houghton, MI}},
  url       = {https://pages.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/DataCorrelationForSphereDrag2016.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  date      = {2016-11-10}
}

@inproceedings{moy2017cfrp,
  author    = {Moy, Stuart S. J.},
  title     = {{CFRP Strengthening of Cast and Wrought Iron Structures}},
  booktitle = {{SMAR 2017: Fourth International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures}},
  location  = {{Zurich}},
  year      = {2017},
  url       = {https://plus.empa.ch/smar-conferences-data/SMAR_2017_Proceedings/papers/245.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  eventdate = {2017-09-13/2017-09-15}
}

@inproceedings{mulamuttal2022simulation,
  author    = {Mulamuttal, K. B. and Kattigenahally, K. K. and Kalluvalappil, G. V. and Raj, P. and Narasimhamurthy, N. K. and Vankalkunti, S.},
  title     = {{Simulation on Motion of a Trebuchet}},
  booktitle = {{Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems}},
  volume    = {298},
  pages     = {87--93},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  location  = {{Cham}},
  year      = {2022},
  doi       = {10.1007/978-3-030-82529-4_9},
  url       = {https://idr.nitk.ac.in/items/6c7e0fd6-9cd7-4736-a2f7-d872a8e693e3/full},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@misc{museedugeniendfiche,
  author    = {{Musée du Génie}},
  title     = {{Fiche 3}},
  publisher = {{Musée du Génie}},
  location  = {{Angers}},
  year      = {n.d.},
  url       = {https://www.musee-du-genie-angers.fr/fpdb/8852715-doc-fiche-3.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{nasa2021earth,
  author       = {{NASA Glenn Research Center}},
  title        = {{Earth Atmosphere Model: Metric Units}},
  journaltitle = {{Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics}},
  url          = {https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/atmosmet.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2021-05-13}
}

@online{nasa2025drag,
  author       = {{NASA Glenn Research Center}},
  title        = {{Drag of a Sphere}},
  journaltitle = {{Beginner's Guide to Aeronautics}},
  publisher    = {{NASA}},
  url          = {https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/drag-of-a-sphere/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2025-06-30}
}

@book{nasirikhusrau1893diary,
  author     = {{Nasir-i-Khusrau}},
  title      = {{Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine}},
  publisher  = {{Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society}},
  year       = {1893},
  url        = {https://avande1.sites.luc.edu/jerusalem/sources/nasir.htm},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Le Strange, Guy}
}

@manual{nationalbronzendselecting,
  author    = {{National Bronze Manufacturing Co.}},
  title     = {{Selecting Bronze Bearing Materials}},
  publisher = {{National Bronze Manufacturing Co.}},
  year      = {n.d.},
  url       = {https://www.nationalbronze.com/pdfs/Selecting%20Bronze%20Bearing%20Materials.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{needham1994science,
  author    = {Needham, Joseph and Yates, Robin D. S.},
  title     = {{Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 6, Military Technology: Missiles and Sieges}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location  = {{Cambridge}},
  year      = {1994}
}

@online{newnham2004island,
  author       = {Newnham, David},
  title        = {{Island Fortress}},
  journaltitle = {{TES (Times Educational Supplement)}},
  url          = {https://www.tes.com/magazine/archive/island-fortress},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2004-08-27}
}

@online{ngo2016third,
  author       = {Ngo, Robin},
  title        = {{The Third Wall of Jerusalem: Where Romans and Jews Battled}},
  journaltitle = {{Bible History Daily (Biblical Archaeology Society)}},
  publisher    = {{Biblical Archaeology Society}},
  url          = {https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/third-wall-of-jerusalem/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2016-10-26}
}

@online{nhbr2004pumpkin,
  author       = {{New Hampshire Business Review}},
  title        = {{Pumpkin Chuckers Are World Champs}},
  journaltitle = {{New Hampshire Business Review}},
  url          = {https://www.nhbr.com/pumpkin-chuckers-are-world-champs/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2004-11-15}
}

@online{nhms2016american,
  author       = {{New Hampshire Motor Speedway}},
  title        = {{American Chunker Defends Title}},
  journaltitle = {{NHMS.com}},
  url          = {https://nhms.com/media/news/american-chunker-defends-extreme-chunkin-title.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2016-10-17}
}

@online{nhms2017american,
  author       = {{New Hampshire Motor Speedway}},
  title        = {{American Chunker Does It Again}},
  journaltitle = {{NHMS media news}},
  url          = {https://nhms.com/media/news/american-chunker-does-again.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2017-10-16}
}

@book{nicholson1997chronicle,
  author     = {Nicholson, Helen J.},
  title      = {{Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi}},
  publisher  = {{Ashgate}},
  location   = {{Aldershot}},
  year       = {1997},
  translator = {Nicholson, Helen J.},
  series     = {{Crusade Texts in Translation}},
  number     = {3}
}

@book{nicolas1828siege,
  editor    = {Nicolas, Nicholas Harris},
  title     = {{The Siege of Carlaverock in the XXVIII Edward I. A.D. MCCC}},
  publisher = {{J. B. Nichols and Son}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {1828},
  url       = {https://archive.org/details/siegeofcarlavero00nicouoft},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@incollection{nieminen2010asian,
  author     = {Nieminen, Timo A.},
  editor     = {Barbiero, E. and Hannaford, P. and Moss, D.},
  title      = {{The Asian War Bow}},
  booktitle  = {{19th Australian Institute of Physics Congress}},
  publisher  = {{ACOFTAOS}},
  year       = {2010},
  url        = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/1101.1677},
  urldate    = {2026-10-02},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  eprint     = {1101.1677}
}

@online{nistndguide,
  author       = {{National Institute of Standards and Technology}},
  title        = {{NIST Guide to the SI, Appendix B.8: Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically}},
  journaltitle = {{NIST Special Publication 811 (online edition)}},
  publisher    = {{NIST}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-appendix-b-conversion-factors/nist-guide-si-appendix-b8},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{nordicwomensliteraturendakerhielm,
  title        = {{Åkerhielm, Anna Agriconia}},
  journaltitle = {{Nordic Women's Literature}},
  publisher    = {{Nordic Women's Literature}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://nordicwomensliterature.net/writers/aakerhielm-anna-agriconia/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{nova2000medieval,
  author       = {{NOVA Online}},
  title        = {{Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege, Slide 4}},
  journaltitle = {{NOVA Online}},
  publisher    = {{WGBH / PBS}},
  year         = {2000},
  url          = {https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/trebuchet/builds04.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{nova2000secrets,
  author       = {{NOVA}},
  title        = {{Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege (transcript)}},
  journaltitle = {{NOVA, PBS / WGBH}},
  publisher    = {{WGBH / PBS}},
  url          = {https://dipsy.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/27mstrebuchet.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2000-02-01}
}

@online{nova2000wheels,
  author    = {{NOVA Online}},
  title     = {{Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege. Wheels/No Wheels}},
  publisher = {{WGBH / PBS}},
  url       = {https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/trebuchet/wheels.html},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  date      = {2000-11}
}

@online{npr2005pumpkin,
  author       = {{NPR}},
  title        = {{Pumpkin Party Turns Gourds into Missiles}},
  journaltitle = {{NPR}},
  url          = {https://www.npr.org/2005/11/18/5007873/pumpkin-party-turns-gourds-into-missiles},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2005-11-18}
}

@report{nrcs2008soil,
  author      = {{USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service}},
  title       = {{Soil Quality Indicators: Bulk Density}},
  publisher   = {{U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service}},
  year        = {2008},
  url         = {https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-01/Soil%20Quality-Indicators-Bulk%20Density.pdf},
  urldate     = {2026-10-02},
  type        = {Soil Quality Indicators sheet},
  institution = {{USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service}}
}

@incollection{ocdndweights,
  title     = {{Entries on weights and measures (cubit, foot, stade, pound, mina, talent)}},
  booktitle = {{Oxford Classical Dictionary}},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  year      = {n.d.}
}

@article{oconnell2001dynamics,
  author       = {O'Connell, James},
  title        = {{Dynamics of a Medieval Missile Launcher: The Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{The Physics Teacher}},
  volume       = {39},
  number       = {8},
  pages        = {471},
  year         = {2001},
  doi          = {10.1119/1.1424595},
  url          = {https://pubs.aip.org/aapt/pte/article-abstract/39/8/471/273222/Dynamics-of-a-medieval-missile-launcher-the},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{olson2026virtual,
  author       = {Olson, Eric and Olson, Peter},
  title        = {{VirtualTrebuchet Documentation}},
  journaltitle = {{VirtualTrebuchet}},
  publisher    = {{VirtualTrebuchet}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://virtualtrebuchet.com/documentation/explanation},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{oriflamme2000balance,
  author       = {{Société de l'Oriflamme}},
  title        = {{Balance Throwing, Siege Machines of the Middle Ages}},
  journaltitle = {{Oriflamme web page (mirrored by Tallinn City Museum teaching database)}},
  year         = {2000},
  url          = {https://linnamuuseum.ee/JaanMarss/juhendid/Mehaanilised_kaugrelvad_keskajal/andmebaas/Renaud%20Beffeyte/treb_etc.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{paasch2024estimation,
  author       = {Paasch, Kasper Mayntz and Paasch, Alexander Petersen},
  title        = {{Estimation of Catapult Size and Bolt Dimensions by Comparison of Design Formulae for Early Torsion-Based Catapults}},
  journaltitle = {{Acta IMEKO}},
  volume       = {13},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {1--8},
  publisher    = {{IMEKO}},
  year         = {2024},
  doi          = {10.21014/actaimeko.v13i2.1823},
  url          = {https://acta.imeko.org/index.php/acta-imeko/article/view/1823},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{pagkalos2021sulla,
  author       = {Pagkalos, Manolis E.},
  title        = {{Sulla and the practices of anchoring in political discourse: cultural memory and the use of symbols in Roman Athens}},
  journaltitle = {{Graeco-Latina Brunensia}},
  volume       = {26},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {193--210},
  year         = {2021},
  doi          = {10.5817/GLB2021-2-12},
  url          = {https://journals.phil.muni.cz/graeco-latina-brunensia/article/view/26996},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@incollection{palagia2005fire,
  author    = {Palagia, Olga},
  editor    = {Neils, Jenifer},
  title     = {{Fire from Heaven: Pediments and Akroteria of the Parthenon}},
  booktitle = {{The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location  = {{Cambridge}},
  year      = {2005},
  url       = {https://eclass-b.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/ARCH247/Palagia%2C%20Pediments%20Parthenon.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{palchik2000correlation,
  author       = {Palchik, V. and Hatzor, Y. H.},
  title        = {{Correlation between Mechanical Strength and Microstructural Parameters of Dolomites and Limestones in the Judea Group, Israel}},
  journaltitle = {{Israel Journal of Earth Sciences}},
  volume       = {49},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {65--79},
  year         = {2000},
  doi          = {10.1560/LGVQ-HA9E-P1X7-YRAT},
  url          = {https://cris.bgu.ac.il/en/publications/correlation-between-mechanical-strength-and-microstructural-param/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{palchik2002crack,
  author       = {Palchik, V. and Hatzor, Y. H.},
  title        = {{Crack Damage Stress as a Composite Function of Porosity and Elastic Matrix Stiffness in Dolomites and Limestones}},
  journaltitle = {{Engineering Geology}},
  volume       = {63},
  number       = {3–4},
  pages        = {233--245},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  year         = {2002},
  url          = {https://cris.bgu.ac.il/en/publications/crack-damage-stress-as-a-composite-function-of-porosity-and-elast/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{paton1940venetians,
  author    = {Paton, James Morton},
  title     = {{The Venetians in Athens, 1687-1688, from the Istoria of Cristoforo Ivanovich}},
  publisher = {{American School of Classical Studies at Athens}},
  year      = {1940},
  url       = {https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/Gennadeion_Monographs_I_Online.pdf},
  series    = {{Gennadeion Monographs}},
  number    = {1}
}

@online{pausanias1918description,
  author       = {{Pausanias}},
  title        = {{Description of Greece, Book 1: Attica}},
  journaltitle = {{Theoi Classical Texts Library}},
  publisher    = {{Theoi Project}},
  year         = {1918},
  url          = {https://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias1B.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  translator   = {Jones, W. H. S.}
}

@book{paynegallwey1903crossbow,
  author    = {Payne-Gallwey, Ralph},
  title     = {{The Crossbow, Mediaeval and Modern, Military and Sporting}},
  publisher = {{Longmans, Green}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {1903}
}

@book{paynegallwey1907summary,
  author    = {Payne-Gallwey, Ralph},
  title     = {{A Summary of the History, Construction and Effects in Warfare of the Projectile-Throwing Engines of the Ancients, with a Treatise on the Structure, Power and Management of Turkish and Other Oriental Bows of Mediæval and Later Times}},
  publisher = {{Longmans, Green, and Co.}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {1907},
  url       = {https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/74719/pg74719-images.html},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{paynegallwey1995book,
  author    = {Payne-Gallwey, Ralph},
  title     = {{The Book of the Crossbow}},
  publisher = {{Dover Publications}},
  location  = {{New York}},
  year      = {1995},
  url       = {https://archive.org/stream/Book_of_the_Crossbow_The_by_Sir_Ralph_Payne-Galloway/Book_of_the_Crossbow_The_by_Sir_Ralph_Payne-Galloway_djvu.txt},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  origdate  = {1903}
}

@online{pbs2000medieval,
  author       = {{PBS (NOVA)}},
  title        = {{Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege}},
  journaltitle = {{NOVA Online (PBS), slide show on the trebuchet build}},
  url          = {https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/trebuchet/builds06.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2000-11}
}

@article{penner2019ancient,
  author       = {Penner, Ken M.},
  title        = {{Ancient Names for Hebrew and Aramaic: A Case for Lexical Revision}},
  journaltitle = {{New Testament Studies}},
  volume       = {65},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {412--423},
  publisher    = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  year         = {2019},
  doi          = {10.1017/S0028688519000067},
  url          = {https://cambridge.org/core/journals/new-testament-studies/article/ancient-names-for-hebrew-and-aramaic-a-case-for-lexical-revision/81C2FAE3CE30151A091D4F632C92DCC6},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{pennstatendclassification,
  author       = {{Pennsylvania State University}},
  title        = {{Classification of Aggregates}},
  journaltitle = {{Penn State College of Engineering}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/courses/ce584/concrete/library/materials/Aggregate/Classification%20of%20aggregates.htm},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{phillipsndsiege,
  author       = {Phillips, Charles},
  title        = {{Siege of Toulouse (1217–18)}},
  journaltitle = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  publisher    = {{Encyclopaedia Britannica}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Toulouse},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{physicsforums2010efficiency,
  author       = {{Physics Forums}},
  title        = {{Efficiency in Trebuchet Design}},
  journaltitle = {{physicsforums.com}},
  year         = {2010},
  url          = {https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/efficiency-in-trebuchet-design.374958/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{pickering2007optimising,
  author       = {Pickering, K. L. and Beckermann, G. W. and Alam, S. N. and Foreman, N. J.},
  title        = {{Optimising Industrial Hemp Fibre for Composites}},
  journaltitle = {{Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing}},
  volume       = {38},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {461--468},
  year         = {2007},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.02.020},
  url          = {https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/9805},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{pliny1855natural,
  author     = {{Pliny the Elder}},
  title      = {{The Natural History}},
  publisher  = {{Taylor and Francis}},
  location   = {{London}},
  year       = {1855},
  url        = {https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=34:chapter=18},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Bostock, John and Riley, H. T.}
}

@inbook{plutarch1916sulla,
  author     = {{Plutarch}},
  title      = {{Sulla}},
  booktitle  = {{Plutarch's Lives}},
  volume     = {4},
  publisher  = {{William Heinemann} and {G. P. Putnam's Sons}},
  location   = {{London} and {New York}},
  year       = {1916},
  url        = {https://lexundria.com/plut_sull/12/prr},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Perrin, Bernadotte},
  series     = {{Loeb Classical Library}},
  number     = {80}
}

@inbook{plutarch1917marcellus,
  author     = {{Plutarch}},
  title      = {{Marcellus}},
  booktitle  = {{Plutarch's Lives, Vol. V}},
  volume     = {5},
  publisher  = {{Harvard University Press} and {William Heinemann}},
  location   = {{Cambridge, MA} and {London}},
  year       = {1917},
  url        = {https://lexundria.com/plut_marc/15/prr},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Perrin, Bernadotte},
  series     = {{Loeb Classical Library}}
}

@inbook{plutarch1920demetrius,
  author     = {{Plutarch}},
  title      = {{Demetrius}},
  booktitle  = {{Plutarch's Lives, Vol. IX}},
  volume     = {9},
  publisher  = {{Harvard University Press} and {William Heinemann}},
  location   = {{Cambridge, MA} and {London}},
  year       = {1920},
  url        = {https://lexundria.com/plut_demetr/21/prr},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Perrin, Bernadotte},
  series     = {{Loeb Classical Library}}
}

@inbook{polybius1923histories,
  author     = {{Polybius}},
  title      = {{The Histories, Book 8}},
  booktitle  = {{Polybius: The Histories, Vol. III}},
  volume     = {3},
  publisher  = {{Harvard University Press} and {William Heinemann}},
  location   = {{Cambridge, MA} and {London}},
  year       = {1923},
  url        = {https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/8*.html},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Paton, W. R.},
  series     = {{Loeb Classical Library}}
}

@article{popsci2002catapult,
  author       = {{Popular Science}},
  title        = {{The Catapult King}},
  journaltitle = {{Popular Science}},
  publisher    = {{Bonnier}},
  url          = {https://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2002-05/catapult-king/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2002-05}
}

@article{porter1994medieval,
  author       = {Porter, W. S. and Tremblay, R. E.},
  title        = {{A medieval example of energy conservation}},
  journaltitle = {{The Physics Teacher}},
  volume       = {32},
  pages        = {476--477},
  year         = {1994}
}

@online{ppundblossom,
  author       = {{Palestine Polytechnic University Stone Library}},
  title        = {{Blossom Beige}},
  journaltitle = {{Stone Library (centers.ppu.edu)}},
  publisher    = {{Palestine Polytechnic University}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://centers.ppu.edu/stonelibrary/en/node/120},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{prager1972mariano,
  author    = {Prager, Frank D. and Scaglia, Gustina},
  title     = {{Mariano Taccola and His Book De Ingeneis}},
  publisher = {{MIT Press}},
  location  = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  year      = {1972}
}

@online{pratt2008pumpkin,
  author       = {Pratt, Sara E.},
  title        = {{Pumpkin Tossing | Yankee Siege in Greenfield, New Hampshire}},
  journaltitle = {{Yankee Magazine (NewEngland.com)}},
  url          = {https://newengland.com/article/features/medieval-catapult-trebuchet-pumpkin},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2008-08-19}
}

@incollection{prawer1985jerusalem,
  author    = {Prawer, Joshua},
  editor    = {Edbury, Peter W.},
  title     = {{The Jerusalem the Crusaders Captured: A Contribution to the Medieval Topography of the City}},
  booktitle = {{Crusade and Settlement}},
  pages     = {1--16},
  publisher = {{University College Cardiff Press}},
  location  = {{Cardiff}},
  year      = {1985}
}

@book{prestwich1996armies,
  author    = {Prestwich, Michael},
  title     = {{Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience}},
  publisher = {{Yale University Press}},
  location  = {{New Haven}},
  year      = {1996}
}

@review{prestwich2019review,
  author       = {Prestwich, Michael},
  title        = {{Review of Artillery in the Era of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology, by Michael S. Fulton}},
  journaltitle = {{War in History}},
  volume       = {26},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {430--431},
  publisher    = {{SAGE}},
  doi          = {10.1177/0968344519847787},
  url          = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0968344519847787},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2019-07}
}

@book{price1992jerusalem,
  author    = {Price, Jonathan J.},
  title     = {{Jerusalem under Siege: The Collapse of the Jewish State, 66–70 C.E.}},
  publisher = {{Brill}},
  year      = {1992}
}

@book{pringle2007churches,
  author    = {Pringle, Denys},
  title     = {{The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus. Vol. 3, The City of Jerusalem}},
  volume    = {3},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location  = {{Cambridge}},
  year      = {2007}
}

@inbook{procopius1919wars,
  author     = {{Procopius}},
  title      = {{History of the Wars, Volume III: Books V–VI.15 (The Gothic War)}},
  booktitle  = {{Loeb Classical Library}},
  volume     = {III},
  pages      = {206--208},
  publisher  = {{William Heinemann}},
  location   = {{London}},
  year       = {1919},
  url        = {https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Wars/5C*.html},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Dewing, H. B.}
}

@review{purton2018review,
  author       = {Purton, Peter},
  title        = {{Michael S. Fulton, \emph{Artillery in the Age of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology}}},
  journaltitle = {{De Re Militari}},
  url          = {https://deremilitari.org/2018/11/michael-s-fulton-artillery-in-the-age-of-the-crusades-siege-warfare-and-the-development-of-trebuchet-technology-purton/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2018-11-12}
}

@online{qmulndglossary,
  title        = {{6. Glossary of Measures, Weights, and Monetary Units}},
  journaltitle = {{Rural Society in Medieval Islam (Queen Mary University of London)}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://projects.history.qmul.ac.uk/ruralsocietyislam/database/glossary-of-measures-weights-and-monetary-units/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{ralph2005gesta,
  author     = {{Ralph of Caen}},
  title      = {{The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen: A History of the Normans on the First Crusade}},
  publisher  = {{Ashgate}},
  location   = {{Aldershot}},
  year       = {2005},
  translator = {Bachrach, Bernard S.}
}

@incollection{ramirezgalan2020traction,
  author    = {Ramírez Galán, Mario and Benítez Galán, María and Montalvo Laguna, Rafael and Inlow, Reina},
  title     = {{Traction or Hybrid Trebuchet? The Use of Physical Calculations to Classify Trebuchets}},
  booktitle = {{Studies in Archaeometry}},
  pages     = {23--44},
  publisher = {{Archaeopress}},
  location  = {{Oxford}},
  year      = {2020},
  doi       = {10.2307/j.ctv1zckxdm.4}
}

@article{raphael2005archaeological,
  author       = {Raphael, Kate and Tepper, Yotam},
  title        = {{The Archaeological Evidence from the Mamluk Siege of Arsūf}},
  journaltitle = {{Mamlūk Studies Review}},
  volume       = {9},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {85--100},
  year         = {2005},
  url          = {https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/1062/files/MSR_IX-1_2005-Raphael-Tepper_17MB.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@inbook{raymond1921historia,
  author     = {{Raymond of Aguilers}},
  editor     = {Krey, August C.},
  title      = {{Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem (excerpts)}},
  booktitle  = {{The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants}},
  pages      = {242--265},
  publisher  = {{Princeton University Press}},
  location   = {{Princeton}},
  year       = {1921},
  url        = {https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/cde-jlem.asp},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Krey, August C.}
}

@book{raymond1968historia,
  author     = {{Raymond of Aguilers}},
  title      = {{Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem}},
  publisher  = {{American Philosophical Society}},
  location   = {{Philadelphia}},
  year       = {1968},
  translator = {Hill, John Hugh and Hill, Laurita L.}
}

@book{rcahms1963stirlingshire,
  author   = {{Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland}},
  title    = {{Stirlingshire: An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments}},
  volume   = {1},
  pages    = {180--181},
  location = {{Edinburgh}},
  year     = {1963},
  url      = {https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/digital-volumes/rcahms-archives/inventories/stirlingshire-1963-volume-1/216},
  urldate  = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{reich2022israeli,
  author       = {Reich, Aaron},
  title        = {{Israeli archaeologist find where the Romans breached Jerusalem's walls - IAA}},
  journaltitle = {{The Jerusalem Post}},
  url          = {https://jpost.com/archaeology/article-714108},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2022-08-07}
}

@online{ribbeck2023specialist,
  author       = {Ribbeck, Michael},
  title        = {{Specialist Firm Builds Medieval War Machine for Visitor Attraction}},
  journaltitle = {{TheBusinessDesk.com (South West)}},
  url          = {https://www.thebusinessdesk.com/south-west/?p=3036},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2023-04-06}
}

@article{rider2023sussex,
  author       = {Rider, Timothy L.},
  title        = {{Sussex County High School Takes Top Prize at Picatinny Pumpkin Sling Using New 'Walking Arm Trebuchet'}},
  journaltitle = {{army.mil}},
  publisher    = {{U.S. Army}},
  url          = {https://www.army.mil/article/271238/sussex_county_high_school_takes_top_prize_at_picatinny_pumpkin_sling_using_new_walking_arm_trebuchet},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2023-10-27}
}

@article{rihll2006artillery,
  author       = {Rihll, T. E.},
  title        = {{On Artillery Towers and Catapult Sizes}},
  journaltitle = {{Annual of the British School at Athens}},
  publisher    = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  year         = {2006},
  url          = {https://resolve.cambridge.org/core/journals/annual-of-the-british-school-at-athens/article/abs/on-artillery-towers-and-catapult-sizes1/D6B1D6C5F516479319EAE8AF426376D8}
}

@book{rihll2007catapult,
  author    = {Rihll, Tracey E.},
  title     = {{The Catapult: A History}},
  publisher = {{Westholme Publishing}},
  location  = {{Yardley, PA}},
  year      = {2007}
}

@manual{rippel1979cast,
  author    = {Rippel, Harry C.},
  title     = {{Cast Bronze Bearing Design Manual}},
  publisher = {{Cast Bronze Bearing Institute} and {Copper Development Association}},
  year      = {1979},
  url       = {https://live.copper.org/publications/pub_list/7083-6799----Cast-Bronze-Bearing-Design-Manual.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  edition   = {2}
}

@book{rogers1992latin,
  author    = {Rogers, Randall},
  title     = {{Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century}},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  location  = {{Oxford}},
  year      = {1992},
  doi       = {10.1093/oso/9780198202776.001.0001},
  url       = {https://academic.oup.com/book/47644},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{rossabi1988khubilai,
  author    = {Rossabi, Morris},
  title     = {{Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times}},
  publisher = {{University of California Press}},
  location  = {{Berkeley}},
  year      = {1988}
}

@book{runciman1952history,
  author    = {Runciman, Steven},
  title     = {{A History of the Crusades, vol. 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187}},
  volume    = {2},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location  = {{Cambridge}},
  year      = {1952}
}

@online{sahagun1993florentine,
  author       = {Sahagún, Bernardino de},
  editor       = {Wood, Stephanie},
  title        = {{Florentine Codex, Book 12, Chapter 38}},
  journaltitle = {{Early Nahuatl Library (Wired Humanities Projects, University of Oregon)}},
  year         = {1993},
  url          = {https://enl.wired-humanities.org/FCBk12Ch38},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  translator   = {Lockhart, James}
}

@article{saimre2006trebuchet,
  author       = {Saimre, Tanel},
  title        = {{Trebuchet – A Gravity-Operated Siege Engine: A Study in Experimental Archaeology}},
  journaltitle = {{Estonian Journal of Archaeology}},
  volume       = {10},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {61--80},
  year         = {2006},
  doi          = {10.3176/arch.2006.1.03},
  url          = {https://kirj.ee/wp-content/plugins/kirj/pub/arch-2006-1-3_20210108123408.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{samsonndamsteel,
  author       = {{Samson Rope}},
  title        = {{AmSteel}},
  journaltitle = {{Samson Rope}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://samsonrope.com/utility/amsteel},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{samsonndwarning,
  author       = {{Samson Rope}},
  title        = {{Warning Statement}},
  journaltitle = {{Samson Rope}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.samsonrope.com/warning-statement},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{sanford2014punkin,
  author       = {{Sanford School}},
  title        = {{Punkin Chunkin Team Takes First Place at Last Fling Pumpkin Sling}},
  journaltitle = {{Sanford School News}},
  url          = {https://www.sanfordschool.org/news-detail?pk=754583},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2014-11-03}
}

@book{sanudo2011book,
  author     = {Sanudo Torsello, Marino},
  title      = {{The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross: Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis}},
  publisher  = {{Ashgate}},
  location   = {{Farnham}},
  year       = {2011},
  translator = {Lock, Peter}
}

@online{saraceni2024medieval,
  author       = {Saraceni, Jessica Esther},
  title        = {{Medieval Catapult Shots Uncovered in England}},
  journaltitle = {{Archaeology}},
  url          = {https://archaeology.org/news/2024/06/25/medieval-catapult-shots-uncovered-in-england/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2024-06-25}
}

@article{sayers2010name,
  author       = {Sayers, William},
  title        = {{The Name of the Siege Engine Trebuchet: Etymology and History in Medieval France and Britain}},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Medieval Military History}},
  pages        = {189--196},
  year         = {2010},
  url          = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/journal-of-medieval-military-history/name-of-the-siege-engine-trebuchet-etymology-and-history-in-medieval-france-and-britain/60B17AF037E52BC4347EF509B7C952A8},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{schmidtchen1983mittelalterliche,
  author   = {Schmidtchen, Volker},
  title    = {{Mittelalterliche Kriegsmaschinen}},
  location = {{Soest}},
  year     = {1983}
}

@thesis{schofield2014experimental,
  author    = {Schofield, Aimee},
  title     = {{Experimental Archaeology and Siege Warfare: Analysing Ancient Sources through Experimentation}},
  publisher = {{University of Manchester}},
  location  = {{Manchester}},
  year      = {2014},
  url       = {https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/experimental-archaeology-and-siege-warfare-analysing-ancient-sour/},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01},
  type      = {PhD thesis}
}

@book{schramm1918antiken,
  author = {Schramm, Erwin},
  title  = {{Die antiken Geschütze der Saalburg}},
  year   = {1918}
}

@online{schupp1998timber,
  author       = {Schupp, Fran},
  title        = {{Timber Framer Joins NOVA's Highland Fling}},
  journaltitle = {{The Nugget Newspaper (Sisters, Oregon)}},
  url          = {https://nuggetnews.com/story/1998/12/22/news/timber-framer-joins-novas-highland-fling/6197.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {1998-12-22}
}

@online{scottgiles1951siege,
  title        = {{The Siege of Caerlaverock}},
  journaltitle = {{The Heraldry Society}},
  publisher    = {{The Heraldry Society}},
  year         = {1951},
  url          = {https://www.theheraldrysociety.com/articles/the-siege-of-caerlaverock/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  translator   = {Scott-Giles, C. W.}
}

@online{seigars2007yankee,
  author       = {Seigars, Steve},
  title        = {{Yankee Siege (Blog Posts, 2007)}},
  journaltitle = {{Yankee Siege [blog], Blogger}},
  year         = {2007},
  url          = {http://yankeesiege.blogspot.com/2007/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{seigars2008yankee,
  author       = {Seigars, Steve},
  title        = {{Yankee Siege (Blog Posts, 2008)}},
  journaltitle = {{Yankee Siege [blog], Blogger}},
  year         = {2008},
  url          = {http://yankeesiege.blogspot.com/2008/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{seigars2009yankee,
  author       = {Seigars, Steve},
  title        = {{Yankee Siege (Blog Posts, 2009)}},
  journaltitle = {{Yankee Siege [blog], Blogger}},
  year         = {2009},
  url          = {http://yankeesiege.blogspot.com/2009/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{seigars2013yankee,
  author       = {Seigars, Steve},
  title        = {{Yankee Siege (Blog Posts, 2013)}},
  journaltitle = {{Yankee Siege [blog], Blogger}},
  year         = {2013},
  url          = {http://yankeesiege.blogspot.com/2013/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{selawiener2025lithic,
  author       = {Sela Wiener, A. and Medeghini, L. and Favero, G.},
  title        = {{The Lithic Journey of Jerusalem Stone: New Evidence of Ancient Quarries}},
  journaltitle = {{Heritage}},
  volume       = {8},
  number       = {11},
  pages        = {490},
  publisher    = {{MDPI}},
  year         = {2025},
  doi          = {10.3390/heritage8110490},
  url          = {https://www.mdpi.com/2571-9408/8/11/490},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{setton1969history,
  editor    = {Setton, Kenneth M.},
  title     = {{A History of the Crusades}},
  volume    = {1–2},
  publisher = {{University of Wisconsin Press}},
  location  = {{Madison}},
  year      = {1969},
  url       = {https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/A6YRA3XHH2ASDG8R}
}

@online{shailorndbeinecke,
  author       = {Shailor, Barbara A.},
  title        = {{Beinecke MS 491: Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Trattati di architettura ingegneria e arte militare}},
  journaltitle = {{Pre-1600 Manuscripts, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library}},
  publisher    = {{Yale University}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://pre1600ms.beinecke.library.yale.edu/docs/pre1600.ms491.htm},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{shanks1987jerusalem,
  author       = {Shanks, Hershel},
  title        = {{The Jerusalem Wall That Shouldn't Be There}},
  journaltitle = {{Biblical Archaeology Review}},
  volume       = {13},
  number       = {3},
  publisher    = {{Biblical Archaeology Society}},
  year         = {1987},
  url          = {https://cojs.org/the_jerusalem_wall_that_shouldn-t_be_there-_hershel_shanks-_bar_13-03-_may-jun_1987/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{shatzman1995stone,
  author       = {Shatzman, Israel},
  title        = {{Stone-Balls from Tel Dor and the Artillery of the Hellenistic World}},
  journaltitle = {{Scripta Classica Israelica}},
  volume       = {14},
  pages        = {52--72},
  publisher    = {{Israel Society for the Promotion of Classical Studies}},
  year         = {1995},
  doi          = {10.71043/sci.v14i.4393},
  url          = {https://scriptaclassica.org/index.php/sci/article/download/4393/3883},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@book{shirley1996song,
  title      = {{The Song of the Cathar Wars}},
  publisher  = {{Ashgate}},
  year       = {1996},
  translator = {Shirley, Janet}
}

@online{shobak2026siegecraft,
  author  = {Research Project Shobak Castle, SAGAS, University of Florence},
  title   = {{Siegecraft}},
  year    = {2026},
  url     = {https://www.shobak.unifi.it/vp-38-siegecraft.html},
  urldate = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{shropshirestar2008county,
  author       = {{Shropshire Star}},
  title        = {{County Eccentric Finds Place in Book}},
  journaltitle = {{Shropshire Star}},
  url          = {https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/2008/07/08/county-eccentric-finds-place-in-book/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2008-07-08}
}

@online{siano2001trebuchet,
  author       = {Siano, Donald B.},
  title        = {{Trebuchet Mechanics}},
  journaltitle = {{algobeautytreb.com}},
  url          = {http://www.algobeautytreb.com/trebmath35.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2001-03-28}
}

@book{sibtibnaljawzindmirat,
  author = {{Sibṭ ibn al-Jawzī}},
  title  = {{Mirʾāt al-zamān fī taʾrīkh al-aʿyān}},
  year   = {n.d.}
}

@report{sikora1991compilation,
  author      = {Sikora, R. F. and Moore, J. G. and Oliver, H. W.},
  title       = {{Compilation and Listing of 6,454 Density Measurements of Samples from the Central Part of the Sierra Nevada Batholith, California}},
  publisher   = {{U.S. Geological Survey}},
  year        = {1991},
  doi         = {10.3133/ofr91570A},
  url         = {https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0570a/report.pdf},
  urldate     = {2026-10-02},
  number      = {91-570-A},
  type        = {Open-File Report},
  institution = {{U.S. Geological Survey}}
}

@online{sjoberg2018anna,
  author       = {Sjöberg, Maria},
  title        = {{Anna Agriconia}},
  journaltitle = {{Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon}},
  url          = {https://www.skbl.se/en/article/AnnaAgriconia},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  translator   = {Grosjean, Alexia},
  date         = {2018-03-08}
}

@manual{skfndskf,
  author    = {{SKF}},
  title     = {{The SKF Model for Calculating the Frictional Moment}},
  publisher = {{SKF}},
  year      = {n.d.},
  url       = {https://cdn.skfmediahub.skf.com/api/public/0901d1968065e9e7},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{skyhistory2026acre,
  author       = {{Sky HISTORY}},
  title        = {{Acre: The Battle That Ended the Crusades}},
  journaltitle = {{Sky HISTORY}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://www.history.co.uk/article/acre-the-battle-that-ended-the-crusades},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@incollection{smith1875libra,
  author    = {Smith, Philip},
  editor    = {Smith, William},
  title     = {{Libra}},
  booktitle = {{A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities}},
  pages     = {706},
  publisher = {{John Murray}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {1875},
  url       = {https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Libra.html},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@incollection{smith1875pes,
  author    = {Smith, Philip},
  editor    = {Smith, William},
  title     = {{Pes}},
  booktitle = {{A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities}},
  pages     = {893},
  publisher = {{John Murray}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {1875},
  url       = {https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Pes.html},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{smith2022warwick,
  author       = {Smith, Kirstie},
  title        = {{Warwick Castle Unveils £500,000 Plans to Rebuild ‘World's Largest Trebuchet’}},
  journaltitle = {{Leamington Courier (WarwickshireWorld)}},
  url          = {https://www.warwickshireworld.com/news/people/warwick-castle-unveils-ps500000-plans-to-rebuild-worlds-largest-trebuchet-3928840},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2022-11-23}
}

@online{smith2023warwick,
  author       = {Smith, Kirstie},
  title        = {{Warwick Castle Set to Unveil Its New Trebuchet with a New Show}},
  journaltitle = {{Warwickshire World (Warwick Courier)}},
  url          = {https://www.warwickshireworld.com/news/people/warwick-castle-set-to-unveil-its-new-trebuchet-with-a-new-show-4041113},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2023-02-24}
}

@article{soedel1979ancient,
  author       = {Soedel, Werner and Foley, Vernard},
  title        = {{Ancient Catapults}},
  journaltitle = {{Scientific American}},
  volume       = {240},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {150--160},
  url          = {https://lru.praxis.dk/Lru/microsites/hvadermatematik/hem1download/kap10_projekt10_3_25_Ancient_Catapults_Scientific_American.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  entrysubtype = {magazine},
  date         = {1979-03}
}

@report{soinc2021storm,
  author    = {{Science Olympiad}},
  title     = {{Storm the Castle: Energy Rule}},
  publisher = {{Science Olympiad Inc.}},
  year      = {2021},
  url       = {https://www.soinc.org/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/StormTheCastle_EnergyRule_111121.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{solly2026medieval,
  author       = {Solly, Meilan},
  title        = {{A Medieval Man's Injuries Reminded One Archaeologist of Modern-Day Car Crash Victims. They Turned Out to Be the Work of an English Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Smithsonian Magazine}},
  publisher    = {{Smithsonian Institution}},
  url          = {https://smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-medieval-mans-injuries-reminded-one-archaeologist-of-modern-day-car-crash-victims-they-turned-out-to-be-the-work-of-an-english-trebuchet-180989346},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2026-08-14}
}

@book{song1976yuan,
  author    = {Song, Lian},
  title     = {{Yuan Shi}},
  publisher = {{Zhonghua shuju}},
  location  = {{Beijing}},
  year      = {1976}
}

@online{ssabndastm,
  author       = {{SSAB}},
  title        = {{ASTM A36}},
  journaltitle = {{SSAB}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.ssab.com/en-us/brands-and-products/commercial-steel/structural-steel/astm-a36},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{stapleton2020walking,
  author       = {Stapleton, Jonathan},
  title        = {{Walking Arm Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Make:}},
  publisher    = {{Make Community}},
  url          = {https://makezine.com/projects/walking-arm-trebuchet},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2020-05-14}
}

@online{steelconstructionndsteel,
  author       = {{SteelConstruction.info}},
  title        = {{Steel Material Properties}},
  journaltitle = {{SteelConstruction.info}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://steelconstruction.info/topics/design/steel-material-properties/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{stevens2025asme,
  author       = {{Stevens Institute of Technology}},
  title        = {{Stevens ASME Club Catapults to Second Straight Victory at Intercollegiate Trebuchet Competition}},
  journaltitle = {{Stevens News}},
  url          = {https://www.stevens.edu/news/asme-club-catapults},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2025-06-11}
}

@book{stevenson1875radulphi,
  editor    = {Stevenson, Joseph},
  title     = {{Radulphi de Coggeshall Chronicon Anglicanum}},
  volume    = {66},
  publisher = {{Longman}},
  location  = {{London}},
  year      = {1875},
  series    = {{Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores (Rolls Series)}},
  number    = {66}
}

@article{stlaurent1993restorations,
  author       = {St Laurent, Beatrice and Riedlmayer, András},
  title        = {{Restorations of Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock and Their Political Significance, 1537–1928}},
  journaltitle = {{Muqarnas}},
  volume       = {10},
  year         = {1993}
}

@online{strauss2022siege,
  author       = {Strauss, Barry},
  title        = {{The Siege of Yodefat}},
  journaltitle = {{Military History in the News}},
  publisher    = {{Hoover Institution, Stanford University}},
  url          = {https://www.hoover.org/research/siege-yodefat},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2022-07-27}
}

@online{surkes2017ancient,
  author       = {Surkes, Sue},
  title        = {{Ancient war for Jerusalem echoes as stones and arrowheads uncovered}},
  journaltitle = {{The Times of Israel}},
  url          = {https://www.timesofisrael.com/ancient-war-for-jerusalem-echoes-as-stones-and-arrowheads-uncovered/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2017-05-25}
}

@manual{swedishwood2022design,
  author    = {{Swedish Wood}},
  editor    = {Isaksson, Tord and Thelandersson, Sven},
  title     = {{Design of Timber Structures, Volume 2: Rules and Formulas according to Eurocode 5}},
  publisher = {{Swedish Forest Industries Federation}},
  location  = {{Stockholm}},
  year      = {2022},
  url       = {https://www.svenskttra.se/siteassets/5-publikationer/pdfer/sw-design-of-timber-structures-vol2-2022.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  isbn      = {978-91-985212-6-9},
  edition   = {3}
}

@report{taggart2006mechanics,
  author  = {Taggart, Matt},
  title   = {{The Mechanics of the Trebuchet}},
  year    = {2006},
  url     = {https://dl.icdst.org/pdfs/files/3242543a5f49515bde5b9ce94ef2a96a.pdf},
  urldate = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{tantaurus2005trebuchet,
  author       = {{Tantaurus}},
  title        = {{Trebuchet Types}},
  journaltitle = {{tantaurus.net}},
  year         = {2005},
  url          = {http://tantaurus.net/trebuchet/php/trebtypes.php},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{tarver1995traction,
  author       = {Tarver, W. T. S.},
  title        = {{The Traction Trebuchet: A Reconstruction of an Early Medieval Siege Engine}},
  journaltitle = {{Technology and Culture}},
  volume       = {36},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {136--167},
  year         = {1995},
  doi          = {10.1353/tech.1995.0138},
  url          = {https://uccshes.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/reconstruction-of-a-traction-trebuchet.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{tateo2021explicit,
  author       = {Tateo, V. and Casolo, S.},
  title        = {{Explicit Dynamic Analysis by a Rigid Body-Spring Model of Impact Loads of Artillery on Middle Age Fortifications}},
  journaltitle = {{Buildings}},
  volume       = {11},
  number       = {12},
  pages        = {607},
  publisher    = {{MDPI}},
  year         = {2021},
  doi          = {10.3390/buildings11120607},
  url          = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/11/12/607},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{teamurbansiege2009medieval,
  author       = {{Team Urban Siege}},
  title        = {{Medieval Postal Service}},
  journaltitle = {{teamurbansiege.com}},
  year         = {2009},
  url          = {https://teamurbansiege.com/our-machines/medieval-postal-service.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{teamurbansiege2021team,
  author       = {{Team Urban Siege}},
  title        = {{Team Urban Siege}},
  journaltitle = {{teamurbansiege.com}},
  year         = {2021},
  url          = {https://teamurbansiege.com/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{thakkar2025structural,
  author       = {Thakkar, M. M. and Lordejani, A. A. and Guagliano, M.},
  title        = {{Structural Integrity Assessment of Pompeii's City Wall under Roman Artillery Fire: A Finite Element Approach}},
  journaltitle = {{Engineering Proceedings}},
  volume       = {96},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {7},
  publisher    = {{MDPI}},
  year         = {2025},
  doi          = {10.3390/engproc2025096007},
  url          = {https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4591/96/1/7},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{thehurl2015trebuchet,
  author       = {{The Hurl Wiki}},
  title        = {{Trebuchet Types}},
  journaltitle = {{thehurl.wikidot.com}},
  year         = {2015},
  url          = {https://thehurl.wikidot.com/trebuchet:trebuchets},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{thehurlndsimulators,
  author       = {{The Hurl}},
  title        = {{Simulators}},
  journaltitle = {{The Hurl wiki (wikidot)}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {http://thehurl.wikidot.com/simulators},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{theocharaki2011ancient,
  author       = {Theocharaki, Anna Maria},
  title        = {{The Ancient Circuit Wall of Athens: Its Changing Course and the Phases of Construction}},
  journaltitle = {{Hesperia}},
  volume       = {80},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {71--156},
  year         = {2011}
}

@online{tod2023who,
  author       = {{Tower of David Jerusalem Museum}},
  title        = {{Who Built the Citadel?}},
  journaltitle = {{Tower of David Jerusalem Museum website}},
  publisher    = {{Tower of David Jerusalem Museum}},
  location     = {{Jerusalem}},
  url          = {https://www.tod.org.il/en/qa/who-built-the-citadel/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2023-07-24}
}

@online{tod2025jerusalem,
  author       = {{Tower of David Jerusalem Museum}},
  title        = {{Jerusalem Stories: That's Not How You Build a Wall}},
  journaltitle = {{Tower of David Jerusalem Museum website}},
  publisher    = {{Tower of David Jerusalem Museum}},
  location     = {{Jerusalem}},
  year         = {2025},
  url          = {https://www.tod.org.il/en/?p=47165},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{todndfaqs,
  author       = {{Tower of David Jerusalem Museum}},
  title        = {{FAQs}},
  journaltitle = {{Tower of David Jerusalem Museum website}},
  publisher    = {{Tower of David Jerusalem Museum}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.tod.org.il/en/faqs/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@manual{toray2025t700s,
  author    = {{Toray Composite Materials America}},
  title     = {{TORAYCA T700S Standard Modulus Carbon Fiber Data Sheet}},
  publisher = {{Toray Composite Materials America}},
  url       = {https://www.toraycma.com/wp-content/uploads/T700S-Data-Sheet.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  date      = {2025-11-24},
  version   = {Rev. 11/24/2025}
}

@online{uncc2019archaeological,
  author       = {{University of North Carolina at Charlotte}},
  title        = {{Archaeological evidence verifies long-doubted medieval accounts of First Crusade conquest}},
  journaltitle = {{Inside UNC Charlotte}},
  publisher    = {{University of North Carolina at Charlotte}},
  location     = {{Charlotte, NC}},
  url          = {https://inside.charlotte.edu/news-features/2019-07-22/archaeological-evidence-verifies-long-doubted-medieval-accounts-first/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01},
  date         = {2019-07-22}
}

@online{unescondold,
  author       = {{UNESCO World Heritage Centre}},
  title        = {{Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls}},
  journaltitle = {{UNESCO World Heritage List}},
  publisher    = {{UNESCO}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/148/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{urs2022deriving,
  author       = {Urs, Ayush},
  title        = {{Deriving Equations of Motion Using Euler-Lagrange Equation and Determining Efficiency Factors of a Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Student Research (High School Edition)}},
  volume       = {11},
  number       = {3},
  year         = {2022},
  doi          = {10.47611/jsrhs.v11i3.2938},
  url          = {https://jsr.org/hs/index.php/path/article/view/2938},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{vanberchemndmateriaux,
  author    = {Van Berchem, Max},
  title     = {{Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum, deuxième partie: Syrie du Sud, Jérusalem}},
  publisher = {{Institut français d'archéologie orientale}},
  location  = {{Cairo}},
  year      = {n.d.}
}

@article{vannidesideri2019notes,
  author       = {Vanni Desideri, Andrea},
  title        = {{Notes on Two Manjanīq Counterweights from Mamluk Shawbak}},
  journaltitle = {{Mamlūk Studies Review}},
  volume       = {22},
  pages        = {23--47},
  year         = {2019},
  doi          = {10.6082/6jsm-1y62},
  url          = {https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/2125/files/MSR-XXII-2019-Vanni-Desideri.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{vauxdecernay1998history,
  author     = {{Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay}},
  title      = {{Historia Albigensis}},
  publisher  = {{Boydell and Brewer}},
  year       = {1998},
  translator = {Sibly, W. A. and Sibly, M. D.}
}

@report{veljkovic2015eurocodes,
  editor      = {Veljkovic, Milan and Sousa, Maria Luísa and Dimova, Silvia and Nikolova, Borislava and Poljanšek, Martin and Pinto, Artur},
  title       = {{Eurocodes: Background \& Applications. Design of Steel Buildings. Worked Examples}},
  publisher   = {{Publications Office of the European Union}},
  year        = {2015},
  doi         = {10.2788/605700},
  url         = {https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC96658},
  urldate     = {2026-10-02},
  number      = {EUR 27346 EN},
  type        = {JRC Science and Policy Report},
  institution = {{European Commission, Joint Research Centre}},
  isbn        = {978-92-79-49573-1},
  issn        = {1831-9424}
}

@book{villard1859facsimile,
  author      = {{Villard de Honnecourt}},
  editor      = {Willis, Robert},
  title       = {{Facsimile of the Sketch-Book of Wilars de Honecort, an Architect of the Thirteenth Century}},
  publisher   = {{John Henry and James Parker}},
  location    = {{London}},
  year        = {1859},
  url         = {https://archive.org/details/facsimileofsketc00vill},
  urldate     = {2026-10-02},
  translator  = {Willis, Robert},
  commentator = {Quicherat, Jules}
}

@article{villargarcia2024frictional,
  author       = {Villar-García, José Ramón and Moya Ignacio, Manuel and Vidal-López, Pablo and Rodríguez-Robles, Desirée},
  title        = {{Frictional Behavior of Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Sawn Timber for Carpentry and Mechanical Joints in Service Class 2}},
  journaltitle = {{Sustainability}},
  volume       = {16},
  number       = {10},
  doi          = {10.3390/su16103886},
  url          = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/10/3886},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  eid          = {3886},
  date         = {2024-05-07}
}

@inbook{violletleduc1861engin,
  author    = {Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène-Emmanuel},
  title     = {{Engin}},
  booktitle = {{Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle}},
  volume    = {5},
  publisher = {{B. Bance}},
  location  = {{Paris}},
  year      = {1861},
  url       = {https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_du_XIe_au_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle/Engin},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{vitruvius1826architecture,
  author     = {{Vitruvius}},
  title      = {{The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, in Ten Books}},
  publisher  = {{Priestley and Weale}},
  location   = {{London}},
  year       = {1826},
  url        = {https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/10*.html},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Gwilt, Joseph}
}

@book{vitruvius1914architecture,
  author     = {{Vitruvius}},
  title      = {{The Ten Books on Architecture}},
  publisher  = {{Harvard University Press}},
  location   = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  year       = {1914},
  url        = {https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ten_Books_on_Architecture/Book_X},
  urldate    = {2026-10-01},
  translator = {Morgan, Morris Hicky}
}

@report{vovard2023developing,
  author      = {Vovard, Clément},
  title       = {{Developing and Testing a Lagrangian Model of the Floating-Arm Trebuchet}},
  institution = {{Stockholm International Youth Science Seminar (EUCYS 2023 project)}},
  publisher   = {{Unga Forskare}},
  year        = {2023},
  url         = {https://ungaforskare.se/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/report-clement-vovard.pdf},
  urldate     = {2026-10-02},
  type        = {Competition report}
}

@online{vukazichnddry,
  author       = {Vukazich, Steven},
  title        = {{Dry Friction}},
  journaltitle = {{San Jose State University}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://gcp-web.sjsu.edu/people/steven.vukazich/docs/95.8.1%20Friction%20.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@article{waldstein1883views,
  author       = {Waldstein, Charles},
  title        = {{Views of Athens in the Year 1687}},
  journaltitle = {{Journal of Hellenic Studies}},
  year         = {1883},
  url          = {https://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_9098055_000/ldpd_9098055_000.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{warwickcastlendmighty,
  author       = {{Warwick Castle}},
  title        = {{The Mighty Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Warwick Castle}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.warwick-castle.com/explore/shows/shows-attractions/the-mighty-trebuchet/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2001results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2001 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2001},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2001-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2002results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2002 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2002},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2002-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2003results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2003 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2003},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2003-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2004results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2004 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2004},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2004-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2005results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2005 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2005},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2005-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2006results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2006 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2006},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2006-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2007results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2007 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2007},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2007-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2008results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2008 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2008},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2008-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2009results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2009 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2009},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2009-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2010results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2010 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2010},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2010-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2011results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2011 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2011},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2011-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2012results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2012 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2012},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2012-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2013results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2013 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2013},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2013-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2015results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2015 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2015},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2015-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2016results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2016 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2016},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/2016-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wcpca2019results,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{2019 Results}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2019},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/2019-results/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@report{wcpca2019rules,
  author    = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title     = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association Member Rules}},
  publisher = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  url       = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/World-Championship-Punkin-Chunkin-Rules.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  date      = {2019-10}
}

@online{wcpca2024records,
  author       = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association}},
  title        = {{Current Records}},
  journaltitle = {{World Championship Punkin Chunkin Association website}},
  year         = {2024},
  url          = {https://www.punkinchunkin.com/the-competition/results/current-records/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@incollection{wekslerbdolah2011early,
  author    = {Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit},
  editor    = {Galor, Katharina and Avni, Gideon},
  title     = {{Early Islamic and Medieval City Walls of Jerusalem in Light of New Discoveries}},
  booktitle = {{Unearthing Jerusalem: 150 Years of Archaeological Research in the Holy City}},
  pages     = {417--447},
  publisher = {{Eisenbrauns}},
  location  = {{Winona Lake, IN}},
  year      = {2011},
  url       = {https://www.academia.edu/6858175},
  urldate   = {2026-10-01}
}

@unpublished{west2010rolling,
  author       = {West, Joseph O. and Ross, Seth and Flesher, James},
  title        = {{Rolling Release Siege Engines: Teaching an Old Machine a New Trick}},
  howpublished = {{Preprint, arXiv}},
  year         = {2010},
  doi          = {10.48550/arXiv.1005.0176},
  url          = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/1005.0176},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  eprinttype   = {arxiv},
  eprint       = {1005.0176}
}

@article{westword2015colorado,
  author       = {{Westword}},
  title        = {{Colorado Punkin Chunkin Squashes Hopes in Delaware, Raises Reader's Ire}},
  journaltitle = {{Westword}},
  location     = {{Denver}},
  year         = {2015},
  url          = {https://www.westword.com/?p=40700133},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wgbh2000secrets,
  author       = {{WGBH Educational Foundation}},
  title        = {{NOVA Online: Secrets of Lost Empires, Medieval Siege}},
  journaltitle = {{NOVA Online (PBS)}},
  publisher    = {{WGBH}},
  location     = {{Boston}},
  year         = {2000},
  url          = {https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/trebuchet/},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@incollection{wheelis1999biological,
  author    = {Wheelis, Mark},
  editor    = {Geissler, Erhard and Moon, John Ellis van Courtland},
  title     = {{Biological Warfare before 1914}},
  booktitle = {{Biological and Toxin Weapons: Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945}},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  location  = {{Oxford}},
  year      = {1999},
  url       = {https://sipri.org/publications/1999/biological-and-toxin-weapons-research-development-and-use-middle-ages-1945},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  series    = {{SIPRI Chemical \& Biological Warfare Studies}},
  isbn      = {0-19-829579-0}
}

@article{wheelis2002biological,
  author       = {Wheelis, Mark},
  title        = {{Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa}},
  journaltitle = {{Emerging Infectious Diseases}},
  volume       = {8},
  number       = {9},
  pages        = {971--975},
  year         = {2002},
  doi          = {10.3201/eid0809.010536},
  url          = {https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC2732530/fullTextXML},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{whitehead2004athenaeus,
  author    = {Whitehead, David and Blyth, P. H.},
  title     = {{Athenaeus Mechanicus, On Machines}},
  publisher = {{Franz Steiner}},
  location  = {{Stuttgart}},
  year      = {2004},
  series    = {{Historia Einzelschriften}},
  number    = {182}
}

@online{wielandconcastndc90500,
  author       = {{Wieland Concast}},
  title        = {{C90500 Alloy, C905 Tin Bronze}},
  journaltitle = {{Wieland Concast}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.concast.com/c90500.php},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wielandconcastndc93200,
  author       = {{Wieland Concast}},
  title        = {{C93200 Alloy, C932 Leaded Tin Bronze}},
  journaltitle = {{Wieland Concast}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://www.concast.com/c93200.php},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{wightman1993walls,
  author    = {Wightman, G. J.},
  title     = {{The Walls of Jerusalem: From the Canaanites to the Mamluks}},
  publisher = {{Meditarch}},
  location  = {{Sydney}},
  year      = {1993},
  series    = {{Mediterranean Archaeology Supplement 4}}
}

@online{wikipedia2026floating,
  author       = {{Wikipedia contributors}},
  title        = {{Floating Arm Trebuchet}},
  journaltitle = {{Wikipedia}},
  publisher    = {{Wikipedia}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_arm_trebuchet},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wikipedia2026punkin,
  author       = {{Wikipedia contributors}},
  title        = {{Punkin Chunkin}},
  journaltitle = {{Wikipedia}},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkin_chunkin},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{wikipedia2026trebuchet,
  author  = {{Wikipedia contributors}},
  title   = {{Trebuchet}},
  year    = {2026},
  url     = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebuchet},
  urldate = {2026-10-02}
}

@online{williams2023watch,
  author       = {Williams, Oliver},
  title        = {{Watch: The Construction and Launch of the New Trebuchet at Warwick Castle}},
  journaltitle = {{Warwickshire World (Leamington Courier)}},
  url          = {https://www.warwickshireworld.com/news/people/watch-the-construction-and-launch-of-the-new-trebuchet-at-warwick-castle-4095978},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02},
  date         = {2023-04-06}
}

@online{williamsndpalestine,
  author       = {Williams, Jefferson},
  title        = {{1033/4 CE Palestine Earthquake(s): Jerusalem}},
  journaltitle = {{Dead Sea Earthquake Catalog (deadseaquake.info)}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://deadseaquake.info/EarthquakeCatalogOfTheDeadSea/Sites/Archaeo/Jerusalem_1033PalestineQuakes.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@online{williamsndrebuilding,
  author       = {Williams, Jefferson},
  title        = {{Rebuilding of Jerusalem's Walls in the Late 10th–Early 11th Century CE}},
  journaltitle = {{Dead Sea Earthquake Catalog (deadseaquake.info)}},
  year         = {n.d.},
  url          = {https://deadseaquake.info/EarthquakeCatalogOfTheDeadSea/Sites/Archaeo/JerusalemWalls_RebuildingOfJerusalemsWallsInTheLate10thEarly11thCenturyCE.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@inproceedings{wouters2011towards,
  author    = {Wouters, I. and De Graeve, I. and Van de Velde, D. and de Bouw, M. and Collette, Q.},
  editor    = {Brebbia, C. A. and Binda, L.},
  title     = {{Towards a Non-destructive Methodology to Distinguish Wrought Iron from Mild Steel in 19th Century Structures}},
  booktitle = {{Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XII}},
  volume    = {118},
  pages     = {285--293},
  publisher = {{WIT Press}},
  year      = {2011},
  doi       = {10.2495/STR110241},
  url       = {https://witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-the-built-environment/118/22739},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02},
  series    = {{WIT Transactions on the Built Environment}},
  issn      = {1743-3509}
}

@article{wuyungaowa2012mongol,
  author       = {{Wuyungaowa (乌云高娃)}},
  title        = {{13世纪蒙古征高丽、日本及其影响 [The thirteenth-century Mongol campaigns against Goryeo and Japan and their influence]}},
  journaltitle = {{西部蒙古论坛 [Western Mongolian Forum]}},
  number       = {1},
  year         = {2012},
  url          = {https://www.aisixiang.com/data/88095.html},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@inproceedings{yilmaz1999winning,
  author    = {Yilmaz, Emin},
  title     = {{Winning the World Punkin' Chunkin' Competition with a Student Design Project}},
  booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 1999 ASEE Annual Conference}},
  pages     = {4.601.1--4.601.14},
  publisher = {{American Society for Engineering Education}},
  location  = {{Charlotte, North Carolina}},
  year      = {1999},
  doi       = {10.18260/1-2--8060},
  url       = {https://peer.asee.org/winning-the-world-punkin-chukin-competition-with-a-student-design-project.pdf},
  urldate   = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{yule1903book,
  author     = {Polo, Marco},
  editor     = {Yule, Henry and Cordier, Henri},
  title      = {{The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East}},
  volume     = {2},
  pages      = {209},
  location   = {{London}},
  year       = {1903},
  url        = {https://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-c-30/V-2/page/0209.html.en},
  urldate    = {2026-10-02},
  translator = {Yule, Henry},
  edition    = {3rd, revised by Henri Cordier}
}

@online{zaimeche2005hama,
  author       = {Zaimeche, Salah},
  title        = {{Hama}},
  journaltitle = {{Muslim Heritage}},
  year         = {2005},
  url          = {https://muslimheritage.com/article/hama},
  urldate      = {2026-10-01}
}

@article{zaky1965preliminary,
  author       = {Zaky, A. Rahman},
  title        = {{A Preliminary Bibliography of Medieval Arabic Military Literature}},
  journaltitle = {{Gladius}},
  volume       = {4},
  pages        = {107--112},
  publisher    = {{CSIC}},
  location     = {{Madrid}},
  year         = {1965},
  url          = {https://gladius.revistas.csic.es/index.php/gladius/article/download/191/193/194},
  urldate      = {2026-10-02}
}

@book{zaradkash1985aniq,
  author   = {Ibn Urunbughā al-Zaradkāsh, Yūsuf},
  editor   = {Hindī, Iḥsān},
  title    = {{al-Anīq fī al-manājanīq}},
  location = {{Aleppo}},
  year     = {1985}
}

@book{zeng1988wujing,
  author = {Zeng, Gongliang and Ding, Du},
  title  = {{Wujing zongyao}},
  year   = {1988},
  series = {{Zhongguo bingshu jicheng}}
}